PNAS:科研人员发现癌细胞“逃脱”免疫系统追击的新靶点NLRC5

2016-05-15 佚名 生物通

在正常情况下,免疫系统可识别并成功对抗癌细胞,从而随着它们的发展消除它们。然而,有时候这个过程会发生故障,从而形成肿瘤,现在,我们知道了其中的原因。美国德克萨斯农工大学健康科学中心的研究人员发现,当癌细胞能够阻止一个基因(被称为NLRC5)的功能时,它们就能够逃避免疫系统,并进行增殖,相关研究结果发表在5月9日的《PNAS》杂志。 本文通讯作者、德克萨斯农工大学医学院的Koichi Koba

在正常情况下,免疫系统可识别并成功对抗癌细胞,从而随着它们的发展消除它们。然而,有时候这个过程会发生故障,从而形成肿瘤,现在,我们知道了其中的原因。美国德克萨斯农工大学健康科学中心的研究人员发现,当癌细胞能够阻止一个基因(被称为NLRC5)的功能时,它们就能够逃避免疫系统,并进行增殖,相关研究结果发表在5月9日的《PNAS》杂志。

本文通讯作者、德克萨斯农工大学医学院的Koichi Kobayashi教授指出:“我们发现了癌细胞逃避我们免疫系统并形成肿瘤的主要机制。”这一结果表明,NLRC5可作为癌症病人生存和治疗反应的一个新型生物标志物,也是新疗法的一个潜在靶标。

Kobayashi说:“癌细胞就是因为基因变化而产生的,如基因突变或不同染色体的重组。正因为如此,所有癌细胞都有新的‘外源’基因,通常宿主T细胞将其检测为肿瘤抗原。这种抗肿瘤系统运行得非常好。”

Kobayashi和他的同事们在几年前发现,NLRC5可调节主要组织相容性复合体(MHC) I类基因。这些基因编码细胞表面的分子,呈现外来蛋白质的片段——例如来自病毒或细菌的蛋白。这些蛋白片段可通知一部分免疫系统,称为细胞毒性T细胞,从而引发来自免疫系统的一种即刻反应,对抗这种特定的外来抗原。

这项研究的新发现在于,相同的系统应该努力摧毁癌细胞,但有时它们能找到一种方法来禁用NLRC5基因,从而使它们逃避免疫系统,并形成肿瘤。该论文的第一作者、Kobayashi实验室的Sayuri Yoshihama博士指出:“如果MHC I类抗原呈现并不起作用,癌细胞将不会被T细胞杀死。我们发现,在癌症中各种机制减少了NLRC5的功能和表达,结果是,肿瘤细胞的免疫逃避。”

事实上,基于The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)数据库中7747份实体肿瘤患者的活体组织检查,这个NLRC5基因的表达,是与各种癌症患者的生存率高度相关的,特别是黑色素瘤、直肠癌、膀胱癌、宫颈癌和头颈癌,生存时间更长的患者倾向于有更多的NLRC5表达。其中,黑素瘤和膀胱癌表现出最显着的差异,NLRC5低表达的患者组,5年存活率为36%,而在NLRC5高表达的患者组中,这个比例为34%。

Kobayashi说:“有了NLRC5作为癌症的一个重要生物标志物,我们最终可以预测癌症患者可以存活多久,以及癌症治疗对他们的效果如何。”这可能对黑色素瘤患者有重要的意义,因为NLRC5变异率相对较高,并且,因为它的表达水平,能够高度预测这种癌症患者的生存率。

该研究小组计划继续研究NLRC5在癌症中的作用,积极发展这一成果相关技术的商业化。临时专利申请已经提交,并基于NLRC5表达水平开发和验证一种测试,用来预测癌症患者的生存率和治疗反应,目前这些工作正在进行当中。希望在于,这种测试将为卫生保健提供者增添一种工具,用于确定癌症患者的最佳治疗策略,以消除昂贵的无益疗法的负担。

最终,Kobayashi和他的团队希望,这一发现也可能给癌症带来新的治疗策略。Kobayashi说:“如果我们能调节NLRC5的激活或其表达水平,这可能是一种新型的癌症疗法。几年来,我们希望我们的研究可以确定潜在的候选药物,可以增加NLRC5的水平,从而帮助我们自身的免疫系统来更好地对抗癌症。”不过,他提出了谨慎的建议。这种逃避免疫系统的机制,不是被每个癌症细胞利用,该研究仍然需要在动物模型中进行复制。

癌症并不是唯一受免疫系统影响的奇怪疾病。Kobayashi之前在免疫功能和遗传学方面的研究,都集中在炎症性肠病,如克罗恩氏病。他们也致力于移植医学研究,试图确定为什么一些器官被新的宿主排斥。

Kobayashi说:“我们现在知道为什么癌细胞可以逃离我们的免疫系统。没有其他的机制如同我们发现的机制一样引人注目。我们设想NLRC5生物标志物可让医生评估和确定每名癌症患者的最佳治疗策略,从而为每年1200万被诊断出患有癌症的人,带来更好的治疗效果。”

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    2016-06-23 drwjr
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    2016-09-30 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    拜读,好文

    0

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    2016-05-18 QQ76174b26

    如果能用于实际就好了

    0

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    2016-05-17 yxch36
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    2016-05-17 lsndxfj
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    2016-05-17 yuandd

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近些年来,随着研究的深入,科学家们在揭示癌症发生机制及耐药的新型通路上取得了突破性的成果,同时科学家也开发出了多种抵御癌症的新型疗法及预防措施,比如我们所熟知的癌症化疗法、放疗法,以及癌症免疫疗法等方法。 而如何靶向杀灭癌细胞呢?科学家们有着不同的方法。近日,发表在国际杂志Cancer Cell上的一项研究论文中,来自卑尔根大学等机构的研究人员发现了一种可以帮助癌细胞扩散的特殊蛋白,那么

Science:首次在活体细胞中观察到单个mRNA分子的翻译过程

图片来源:www.phys.org 近日,刊登在国际杂志Science上的一项研究报告中,来自爱因斯坦医学院 ( Albert Einstein College of Medicine)的研究人员利用一种特殊技术在活体哺乳动物细胞中首次观察到了翻译成为蛋白质的单个信使RNA分子(mRNA),这对于后期科学家们进行神经变性疾病及癌症等多种人类疾病的研究或将带来一定思路。 研究者Robert

Nature:癌细胞通过自身死亡欺骗免疫细胞,实现转移

加州大学旧金山分校的科学家们第一次在一个小鼠转移癌模型中,直接观察到了当侵袭性癌细胞迁移到肺脏时它们是如何建立滩头阵地的。他们看到的非常令人惊讶:定位在肺脏的早期“先头”癌细胞通常死亡,但它们首先放出了一些僵尸样的颗粒,这些颗粒可以自身四处移动,被一波波免疫细胞所吞噬。就好像被这些癌症颗粒感染了一样,其中许多的免疫细胞随后会钻入到肺组织中,为未来通过血液漂浮安全定居并形成新转移灶的癌细胞开辟空间。