2017第十八次全国呼吸病学学术会议:耐药环境下慢阻肺急性加重抗菌药物治疗的个体化选择

2017-10-07 陈燕 呼吸界

目前,呼吸道感染常见病原菌种类日益增多且向耐药菌发展,那么慢阻肺急性加重耐药菌情况如何?抗菌药物又该如何选择?在日前召开的中华医学会呼吸病学年会-2017第十八次全国呼吸病学学术会议上,陈燕教授就耐药环境下慢阻肺急性加重如何个体化选择抗菌药物这一主题发表了演讲,引起广泛关注。今天我们将陈燕教授的文章分享给大家。

目前,呼吸道感染常见病原菌种类日益增多且向耐药菌发展,那么慢阻肺急性加重耐药菌情况如何?抗菌药物又该如何选择?在日前召开的中华医学会呼吸病学年会-2017第十八次全国呼吸病学学术会议上,陈燕教授就耐药环境下慢阻肺急性加重如何个体化选择抗菌药物这一主题发表了演讲,引起广泛关注。今天我们将陈燕教授的文章分享给大家。

熟悉慢阻肺急性加重细菌感染的主要病原体

呼吸道感染是慢阻肺急性加重发生的最主要诱因,78%需住院治疗的慢阻肺急性加重患者有明确的病毒或细菌感染依据。病原体致病性与宿主肺防御共同影响慢阻肺急性加重的发生,急性加重情况下平均气道细菌负荷约为稳定期的20倍,说明慢阻肺急性加重呼吸道感染的治疗至关重要。对常见病原体的认识是合理选择慢阻肺急性加重抗菌药物的首要条件。目前,呼吸道感染的常见病原菌种类日益增多。国内外研究显示,慢阻肺急性加重细菌感染常见致病菌主要包括肺炎克雷伯菌、流感嗜血杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎链球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌等。而不同严重程度慢阻肺急性加重的病原学不完全一致。与轻中度慢阻肺患者相比,重度和极重度慢阻肺患者的常见病原菌中增加了耐青霉素肺炎链球菌、肠道革兰阴性菌及铜绿假单胞菌等。

认识慢阻肺急性加重耐药菌感染现状

呼吸道感染常见病原菌日趋向耐药菌发展,而近十年国内外关于慢阻肺急性加重耐药菌的研究较为缺乏。国外研究描述慢阻肺急性加重感染革兰氏阴性菌分离率约为20%,其中耐药铜绿假单胞菌占比最高,并且多重耐药率高。国内研究显示,革兰氏阴性菌分离率约为30-50%,最常见的是肺炎克雷伯杆菌,且多重耐药菌的分离率很高。此外,2015年国内一项纳入1000余人的大型研究显示慢阻肺急性加重患者的痰标本,分离细菌的前3位为不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属和克雷伯菌属。其中鲍曼不动杆菌对常用抗生素的耐药率均较高,是分离率和耐药率均第一位的细菌;铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南表现出较高的耐药性,且耐药率高于其他药物;肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢菌素和喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药率均较低。

对慢阻肺急性加重抗菌药物进行个体化选择

个体化抗感染治疗已成为合理选择药物的基本要求。治疗过程中需考虑感染部位的常见病原体,药物的抗菌谱、组织穿透性、耐药性、安全性和费用,药代动力学/药效动力学,药物杀菌/抑菌、单药/联合或静脉/口服等方案以及病人的生理和病理生理状态。个体的临床特征可能对耐药菌感染具有一定的预测作用。国外研究显示,ICU慢阻肺急性加重患者发生多重耐药细菌感染的独立危险因素为两周内使用过抗生素和半年内有气管插管史。而国内回顾性分析显示,住院次数>2/年、住院时间>2周、机械通气和留置胃管为多重耐药菌感染的相关因素。2016年多因素logistic回归分析表明年龄≥65岁、心肺疾病病史、FEV1%pre≥30%和抗胆碱类药物使用等因素与潜在病原菌感染独立相关,但上述因素的联合对慢阻肺急性加重患者气道病原菌感染的预测能力较差。目前暂无较好的预测慢阻肺急性加重中耐药细菌感染的相关因素,建议根据病原学检测考虑抗生素的使用。

各国指南及专家共识关于慢阻肺急性加重耐药菌用药的推荐涉及较少,我国2017年慢阻肺急性加重诊治专家共识提供了部分建议:将慢阻肺急性加重患者分为无铜绿假单胞菌感染危险因素组(A组)和有铜绿假单胞菌感染危险因素组(B组)。A组药物选择主要依据急性加重的严重程度、当地耐药状况、费用和潜在的依从性,推荐使用阿莫西林/克拉维酸,也可选用左氧氟沙星或莫西沙星。B组患者如能口服,则可选用环丙沙星或左旋氧氟沙星。需要静脉用药时,可选择环丙沙星或/和抗铜绿假单胞菌的β内酰胺类,同时可加用氨基糖苷类抗菌药物。对于10%~20%的对初始经验治疗反应不佳的患者,应该考虑到抗菌药物未能覆盖引起感染的铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌、其他非发酵菌和高度耐药的肺炎链球菌等病原微生物、长期使用激素并发真菌感染或进行有创机械通气治疗并发院内感染等可能。

同时,国内专家共识及相关研究对常见的几种耐药菌治疗亦提出了相关建议:

我国的铜绿假单胞菌下呼吸道感染诊治专家共识指出,碳青霉烯类耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染可选用酶抑制剂的复合制剂,如哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦等,也可选用环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星(根据药敏)、氨基糖苷类(根据药敏)或多粘菌素静脉给药,部分菌株可能仍对氨曲南、头孢他啶或抗假单胞菌青霉素类敏感。对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染或重症患者常需要以敏感的β-内酰胺类抗生素为基础的联合治疗,并尽可能避免近期使用过的抗菌药物。我国的鲍曼不动杆菌感染诊治与防控专家共识表明,对泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌应以舒巴坦/多粘菌素/替加环素作为基础药物进行联合治疗,同时常需通过联合药敏试验筛选有效的抗菌药物,而对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌则根据药敏选用舒巴坦制剂或碳青霉烯类,可以联合使用氨基糖苷类或者氟喹诺酮类。同时,2016年的CHINET研究显示,青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺及莫西沙星的敏感性为100%,对左氧氟沙星的敏感性也有90%。

总而言之,细菌感染是慢阻肺急性加重发生的最主要诱因,铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和肺炎链球菌是我国慢阻肺急性加重细菌感染的主要病原体,其中前三者耐药较多见。慢阻肺急性加重患者2周内使用过抗生素、住院次数>2/年、住院时间>2周和气管插管可能有预测耐药菌感染的价值。在日益严峻的耐药形势下,抗感染治疗应当遵循个体化原则,结合当地耐药检测数据,在评估病原体时做到有的放矢,评估耐药性时做到到位而不越位,这将有助于减少治疗失败的风险,使慢阻肺急性加重患者的管理更合理、更经济、更有效。

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  3. 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  4. 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style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55717, encryptionId=eb2555e176c, topicName=抗菌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 04:24:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-12 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习.继续关注

    0

  5. 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style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55717, encryptionId=eb2555e176c, topicName=抗菌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 04:24:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-12 半夏微凉

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

  6. 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  7. 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style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55717, encryptionId=eb2555e176c, topicName=抗菌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 04:24:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-09 changjiu

    学习了.谢谢

    0

  8. 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style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55717, encryptionId=eb2555e176c, topicName=抗菌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 04:24:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-09 yfjms

    学习了

    0

  9. 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