2015年癌症诊断新技术盘点,液体活检,外泌体等上榜

2015-12-29 外泌体之家 生物谷

一直以来,癌症的诊断研究领域都是学者们关注的重点,近年来随着研究的深入,许多新型的癌症检测技术不断涌现,比如癌症液体活检技术、microRNA检测工具、成像追踪技术等,本文就盘点了2015年癌症诊断领域的研究亮点。 癌症血液检测新技术 虽然实体肿瘤的检测仍然是癌症诊断中的常规程序,但新一代测序等现代技术,已经使科学家们能够更详细地跟踪肿瘤的组织起源。许多肿瘤脱落的细胞中存在称为外泌体(

一直以来,癌症的诊断研究领域都是学者们关注的重点,近年来随着研究的深入,许多新型的癌症检测技术不断涌现,比如癌症液体活检技术、microRNA检测工具、成像追踪技术等,本文就盘点了2015年癌症诊断领域的研究亮点。

癌症血液检测新技术

虽然实体肿瘤的检测仍然是癌症诊断中的常规程序,但新一代测序等现代技术,已经使科学家们能够更详细地跟踪肿瘤的组织起源。许多肿瘤脱落的细胞中存在称为外泌体(exosome)的囊泡,也有DNA进入血液和其他体液的痕迹。最近的研究表明,这些碎片可以作为标记物,来监测疾病的进展,甚至有助于研究人员在症状出现之前诊断癌症。

结果发现,肿瘤DNA通常可在血液样本中检测到。例如,6月5日在《JAMA Oncology》发表的一项研究中,研究人员检测了4000多名孕妇的血液样本——为了确定胎儿中的染色体异常而抽取的,确定了3例孕产妇患有癌症:1 例卵巢癌,1例滤泡性淋巴瘤,和1例霍奇金淋巴瘤。在大多数的这些肿瘤中,即使是低等级的肿瘤,也可以通过一个人的血液检测出来。

这样的“液体活检”不仅仅是血液和血浆样品。在其他研究中,研究人员将膀胱癌患者术后复发风险,与尿液中的DNA甲基化水平关联起来,检测粪便样本中的肠癌 DNA,并鉴定了头颈部癌患者唾液中的癌症相关突变。以前,这种分子测试被用来监测晚期疾病和肿瘤转移,现在,随着越来越多的精确工具,即使在疾病的最早期阶段,也可以在血液中发现少量的癌细胞和DNA。

神秘MicroDNAs帮助检测癌症

存在于染色体外部的奇怪环状DNA和错误产生这些DNA的细胞类型并不相同,这些环状DNA或可用于作为检测不同类型癌症的指示器,相关研究发表于国际杂志《Cell Reports》上。

MicroDNAs 就是这种奇怪的环状DNA,存在种系特异性。不同的细胞类型,比如前列腺癌细胞或卵巢癌细胞,都会产生和特殊类型的MicroDNAs,因此这就可以使得 MicroDNAs作为潜在的生物标志物来揭示疾病发生的生物学过程。MicroDNAs足够小以至于其可以编码任何基因,但曾经有研究发现其存在于人类机体的任何细胞类型中,这或许取决于DNA复制过程中发生的错误。MicroDNAs可以从基因组的活性区域产生,同时也可以从基因组中的易感区域产生,从而在RNA转录过程中引发损伤。DNA中的特殊部分—GC碱基对也常常会参与到上述过程中,当在包裹紧密的DNA上进行转录时RNA往往会吸附到DNA 上并形成环状结构,随后其就可以被修复途径所移除,进而产生MicroDNAs。

精准医疗颠覆癌症治疗未来

也许正如科学家们所说,因为癌症对于所有人来说都是公平的,所以这更增加了人们对这一领域探索的决心。在2015夏季达沃斯论坛现场,关于运用精准医疗治疗癌症的讨论成为受人关注的前沿话题。

将精准医疗用于癌症治疗的例子已不鲜见,精准医疗为已故的苹果公司前CEO史蒂芬?乔布斯在确诊胰腺癌后多争取了8年的生存时间,此外,好莱坞女星安吉丽娜 ?朱莉也是通过基因测序,发现罹患乳腺癌风险偏高后切除乳腺以预防疾病的发生。科学的医疗诊断技术正在带领人们改变和提升整体医疗服务水平,其中一个激动人心的亮点就是对于癌症的早期检测。

Pathway genomics推出第一款针对早期癌症检测的活检实验

虽然液体活检研究项目的负责人已经表示,他们正在等待该技术在为确诊患者中癌症检测能力的证明,包括其临床灵敏性,没有较高的误报率等,Pathway相信,它的平台能够有能力满足一定的阈值检测要求。

然而,该公司还没有发布其检测的科学数据,而这部分通常是人们最感兴趣的,并且个人可以通过他们的医生或者Pathway的网站直接获得,在这里,患者的医疗和家庭史也将由与公司相关的医生进行审核并确定。新的检测室基于靶向下一代测序技术,来确定了在9个癌症相关基因中发生的96个体细胞突变:BRAF,CTNNB1,EGFR,FOXL2,GNAS,KRAS,NRAS,PIK3CA和TP53。而该检测的姐妹版本-Cancer Intercept Monitor,其目标并不是早期诊断,而是监视疾病的存在情况,其也是通过检测同样的标记物和基因。

利用DNA图谱诊断癌症的新研究

作为无创产前诊断等相关领域技术的首创者,来自香港中文大学的卢煜明教授最早就曾发现孕妇外周血中存在“漂流”的胎儿DNA,也就是说,假设每毫升母亲样品相当于1000个基因组,则总共含有1900条母亲的21号染色体,100条整倍体胎儿的21号染色体或150条21三体胎儿的21号染色体。如果诊断医生发现DNA样品中存在50条染色体的差异,那么他需要对数十万个分子进行计数,以提高鉴别能力。这一研究成果公布在9月21日的《PNAS》杂志上。

自上个世纪卢教授揭示了这一重要理论基础后,其研究组也在相关研究领域越走越远,他曾指出通过这种方法,整个胎儿基因组或者患者基因组都能测序,并且可以利用一种定量方法来搜索有害突变,近期卢教授研究组就公布了一种新方法,能检测不同组织中血浆DNA的差异(甲基化测序),并由此通过识别血浆DNA,找到基因组变异的组织来源,这种液体活检的方法能减少诊断的创伤性,并用于癌症诊断检测,无创产前诊断,以及移植后的监测。

用钻石来跟踪早期癌症Nat Commun:钻石可有助于癌症的早期检测

虽然在大众文化中,这种小碎钻石只是男人和女人都不感兴趣、无人问津的小块压缩碳黑,但是悉尼大学的物理学家们已制定出一种方法,利用钻石来在癌细胞成为生命威胁之前识别它们。他们的发现揭示了这种宝石的纳米级合成版本如何能在无毒性、非侵入性、其磁场能养生的磁共振成像(MRI)中照亮早期癌症。

用定制化学物质来针对癌症并不是新想法,但科学家们很难检测到这些化学物质去了哪里,因为除了活检,没有多少方法能看到一种疗法是否已经被癌症吸收。由大学物理学院David Reilly教授领导的研究者们研究了纳米级钻石如何能帮助发现最早期阶段的癌症。

预测癌症或不是梦!英科学家发现典型变异基因

人无法预测寿命,但也许在不远的将来,我们可以知道自己什么时候会患上癌症。英国桑格研究所所长,基因学家迈克尔?斯特拉顿在《Nature Genetics》杂志上发表报告说,他和同事们研究了1万名癌症患者身上的DNA序列,试图寻找有代表性的基因变异。

人体内每个细胞都含有DNA,DNA会发生变异。有些变异是突发的,比如由大量阳光照射或长期吸烟引起,但有些变异缓慢而稳定,它随着时间推移一点一滴损伤 DNA,最终引发癌症。斯特拉顿和同事发现两个典型变异——正常情况下,人的年龄越大,这两个基因的变异越多。如果一个人的这两个变异的速度比一般人快,说明他患癌症的几率更高。这一发现或许能帮助医生“预测”癌症,也能帮助医疗团队为患者量身定做治疗方案。

华人女学者开发新的癌症诊断治疗技术

最近,乔治亚州立大学的研究人员开发出一种方法,可以更好地追踪肿瘤中的变化,更好地治疗前列腺癌和肺癌,而没有辐射相关的局限性。相关研究结果发表在Nature子刊《Scientific Reports》。

在这项研究中,研究人员开发出一种新的显像剂,他们命名为ProCA1.GRPR,并证明它会导致强烈的肿瘤渗透,并能靶定癌变细胞表面表达的胃泌素释放肽受体,包括前列腺癌、宫颈癌和肺癌。

利用磁共振成像技术(MRI)对肿瘤预测因子的分子成像,可改善我们“临床前和临床治疗过程中各种癌症和药物活性”的理解。然而,使用磁共振成像技术评估特定疾病预测因子、以诊断和监测药物作用的主要障碍之一是,缺乏高度敏感性和特异性、能够显示正常组织和肿瘤之间差异的成像剂。ProCA1.GRPR有极大的临床应用,代表着无需辐射、疾病生物标志物定量成像的重要一步。这一信息对于分期疾病进展和监测治疗效果,是很有价值的。

肝癌无创早期诊断新技术

日前,北京大学与首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院合作,研发出一种肝癌无创早期诊断新技术——甲基化CpG短串联扩增与测序。该技术通过对患者血浆游离 DNA中异常高甲基化CpG岛进行全面测序分析,来实现对肝癌的早期诊断,是癌症诊断方法上的一个突破。研究结果发表于《Cell Research》。

CpG 岛异常高甲基化是一种非常有前途的肿瘤标志物,通过检测血液中携带异常高甲基化CpG岛的游离DNA而发现早期癌症,但一直进展缓慢。其瓶颈是缺乏能够同时检测大量CpG岛的高通量技术。该技术可以在一个反应中同时检测到近9000个CpG岛;检测下限可低至1~2个细胞的基因组DNA。通过联合两类血浆 CpG岛标记物,这项技术诊断肝细胞癌的灵敏度为94%。尤为重要的是,该技术成功地对本研究中全部15例AFP呈现假阴性的肝细胞癌患者作出了正确的诊断。

早期诊断技术层出不穷

BMC Cancer:好消息!UPLC-MS血液脂类分析可早期诊断肝癌!

基于UPLC-MS检测血液中脂类,对于LC患者,该检测比常用的AFP在诊断LC上会更精确。该方法从LC患者中区分HCC患者的敏感性为78%,特异性是64%;而AFP的敏感性和特异性分别为38%和93%。使用UPLC-MS方法区分CHB和HCC的敏感性和特异性均为100%。

Nature:胰腺癌的早期诊断和根治或将成为可能

他们发现GPC1+crexos似乎是一个比CA19-9生物标志更可靠的筛查标志物。令人惊讶的是,研究人员发现在胰腺癌小鼠体内筛查出GPC1+crexos,而对这些小鼠进行核磁共振检测并没有发现胰腺癌迹象。

PNAS:卵巢癌早期诊断治疗新标记

对NIH的两个公共数据库的DNA和RNA序列进行了分析,将296名卵巢癌病人组织和1839名正常人卵巢组织进行对比之后发现了6个在卵巢癌细胞中特异性表达的mRNA亚型。随后他们又用实时定量PCR的方法在卵巢癌细胞系中进行了这些mRNA的鉴定,证实了他们的生物信息学分析结果。除此之外,研究人员指出,其中一些mRNA不仅具有诊断标记功能,其编码的蛋白质还可用于卵巢癌的靶向治疗。

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    2016-11-21 马里奥8433

    太好了 这文章

    0

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    2016-08-27 李东泽

    这篇资讯带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。

    0

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    2015-12-31 smlt2008
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    2015-12-30 wzf990214

    有意思

    0

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    2015-12-30 wzf990214

    赞一个

    0

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罹患癌症不仅会给患者带来巨大的健康问题和心理压力,也会增加患者的经济压力。为了治疗癌症,许多患者不得不失去就业机会。但是一项新的研究表明,若癌症获得带薪病假,则可减轻患者的经济负担。 这项研究发表在JAMA,研究发现,拥有带薪病假的癌症患者相比那些没有带薪病假的癌症患者而言治疗后更易获得就业机会,且经济压力更小。 目前,在美国约40%的员工未获得带薪病假。因为它并非医疗法案的强制性决策。密歇根大学

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最近,美国凯斯西储大学和达特茅斯大学的研究人员报道称,一种常见的植物病毒的外壳,吸入肺部肿瘤或注射到卵巢癌、结肠癌或乳腺肿瘤中,不仅能引发小鼠免疫系统来消灭肿瘤,而且还提供了全身性保护来对抗肿瘤转移。科学家们测试了一个有着100年历史的构想——叫做“原位免疫”(in-situ vaccination)。这个想法是,在肿瘤中放某些东西,破坏可抑制免疫系统的环境,从而让自然防御系统来攻击恶性肿瘤。放入

癌症到底有没有理想标志物?

这是投入最为广泛、最为壮烈的一场全民战争。然而,结果如何呢?据统计,世界恶性肿瘤的发病率和死亡率不但没有明显下降,数种肿瘤反而出现明显上升。 回顾一百年来肿瘤研究的主要目的,大家均是在寻找罹患癌症的证据(或称肿瘤标志物)。临床医生在患者体内找肿块,病理医生在组织中找癌细胞,检验医生在体液中找肿瘤分子,分子生物学工作者在肿瘤细胞中找癌基因……虽然角度不同,层次不同,但根本目的一样,旨在阐明或证

Cell:癌症分子广泛突变的背后秘密---染色体碎裂

自从科学家们开始测序癌细胞基因组,他们注意到了一种奇怪的模式。在许多不同类型的癌症中,细胞内某条染色体的一部分看起来好像被粉碎以后,再错误地拼合到了一起,导致了多种突变。多年来,这一现象一直让科学家们感到困惑。来自洛克菲勒大学的一项新研究为作为癌症前兆的这种奇怪的分子爆炸提供了一种解释。 该研究的领导者、细胞生物学和遗传学实验室主任及教授Titia de Lange说:“‘老’的癌症观点

Nature:癌症生物学机制新突破---基因绝缘子突变

来自Broad研究所(Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard)和麻省总医院(Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School)的研究人员揭示了一个全新的癌症生物学机制----一向被称为管家基因异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)突变后,能使两个原本完全不相关的基因发生关联并激活。这项发现揭示了在基因组中,存在一类称

重磅:32岁科学家发明血液癌细胞“透析”技术,真是神了!

癌症是世界上最致命的疾病之一,尽管人类已经为之奋战数十年,并取得了较大的进展,但在癌症防治的临床应用上,仍缺少切实有效的新方法。今年《麻省理工学院技术评论》评选出的亚洲35位35岁以下科技创新精英(TR35)中,有一位叫Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani获奖者,他研发的新技术将为癌症的诊断和治疗带来新的希望。Warkiani今年32岁,目前是澳大利亚世界顶尖研究型学府新南威尔士大学(U