EASL 2014:非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)研究撷萃

2014-05-03 上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院 段晓燕 范建高 中国医学论坛报

  在2014年欧洲肝脏研究学会(EASL)年会上,有关非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD) 的大会专题报告包括:肥胖症和NAFLD的流行病学及其危害,减肥及其对糖尿病(DM)和NAFLD的改善作用,脂肪毒性(特别是胆固醇)和肠道菌群在 NAFLD发病中的作用,代谢组学及肝脏弹性检测等无创诊断技术在包括NAFLD等慢性肝病患者病情评估和预后判断中的重要性以及NAFLD的治疗进展。

  在2014年欧洲肝脏研究学会(EASL)年会上,有关非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD) 的大会专题报告包括:肥胖症和NAFLD的流行病学及其危害,减肥及其对糖尿病(DM)和NAFLD的改善作用,脂肪毒性(特别是胆固醇)和肠道菌群在 NAFLD发病中的作用,代谢组学及肝脏弹性检测等无创诊断技术在包括NAFLD等慢性肝病患者病情评估和预后判断中的重要性以及NAFLD的治疗进展。

  大会非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)专题概况一览

  正如导语中所介绍,在今年的EASL年会上,有关NAFLD的大会专题报告内容十分丰富。

  虽然此次会议上并没有脂肪肝与肝癌的专题演讲,但在许多专家的报告中,均提及此问题,并强调了NAFLD患者肝癌的预防和筛查

  此外,在大会的代谢性肝病专场和病毒性肝炎专场上,均有专家介绍了NAFLD与其他肝脏疾病的鉴别诊断问题,特别是NAFLD与肝豆状核变性和戊型肝炎(未必都呈急性病程)的鉴别。

  NAFLD最新研究进展简介

  本次大会上,有多篇有关NAFLD的报告学术论文,内容涉及临床研究及基础研究。本文撷取部分体现最新研究进展的重点内容予以介绍。

  NAFLD或为糖尿病重要危险因素

  至今,仅有数项NAFLD对DM影响的前瞻性队列研究报告,并且鲜见通过改善NAFLD来预防或延缓DM发生的文献。

  日本学者山崎(Yamazaki)等调查了NAFLD对DM发展的长期影响。

  研究纳入2000-2012年间8070名参加过2次健康体检(间隔10年)的受试者。排除饮酒(乙醇)≥20g/d、乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性、丙型肝炎病毒抗体(HCV Ab)阳性以及DM患者。

  根据超声脂肪肝检查结果将6797名合格受试者分为NAFLD组(1058例)和非NAFLD组(5739名),并且根据第2次体检时患者脂肪肝是否 消失将NAFLD组进一步分为改善组(631例)和非改善组(427例)。应用逻辑(Logistic)回归模型估算DM发生的多变量比值比(OR)。

  结果显示,随访期间NAFLD组及非NAFLD组分别发生208例(19.7%)和532例(9.3%)DM(OR=1.39);NAFLD改善组及NAFLD非改善组分别发生104例(16.5%)和99例(23.2%)DM(OR=0.65)。

  该项10年纵向研究证明,NAFLD是DM的重要危险因素,改善NAFLD可减少DM的发生。

  少量饮酒或不与脂肪肝患病率降低独立相关

  适度饮酒已被认为与脂肪肝发生减少有关,然而尚乏支持证据。

  美国学者拉佐(Lazo)等调查了美国普通人群的饮酒模式以及饮酒量与脂肪肝患病率的关系。研究者收集12454名参与全美人口代表性调查(第3次全 国健康和营养调查,1988-1994年)的成人的超声检查信息以确定有否脂肪肝。结果显示,45.5%的美国成人目前不饮酒(包括33%的曾饮酒 者),14%者1杯/天(每杯约含10g乙醇),26%者2~3杯/天,15%者≥4杯/天。与目前不饮酒相比,饮酒1杯/天很可能对身体有益,该人群体 质指数(BMI)较低,且DM、高血压较少。校正性别、种族/民族、年龄及BMI后,与从不饮酒者相比,饮酒1杯/天者的脂肪肝可能性显著减少 (OR=0.74)。进一步校正生活方式因素后,上述相关性消失。

  这些结果提示,对于美国成人而言,少量饮酒有益于改善代谢性危险因素,但似乎并非与脂肪肝患病率降低独立相关。

  自噬缺陷似可促进肝损伤但益于脂代谢

  比利时学者克万泰恩(Kwanten)等研究了自噬在鼠肝细胞脂代谢中的作用。

  用正常饲料和蛋氨酸-胆碱缺乏饮食(MCDD)分别喂养肝细胞特异性自噬缺陷的C57Bl/6J鼠和野生鼠3周。

  结果显示,正常饲料喂养时,基因缺陷小鼠肝重/体重比、肝酶水平显著高于野生鼠。野生鼠肝组织学正常并出现禁食诱导性肝脂肪变,而基因缺陷小鼠出现肝 细胞肿大、炎症、(前)凋亡细胞、明显胆管反应,且其肝纤维化面积、α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)阳性星形细胞数显著增加、脂滴缺乏,同时血清甘油三酯 显著减少,高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和总胆固醇增加。MCDD喂养的野生鼠尽管在肝脂肪含量上与正常饲料喂养野生鼠差别不大,但肝重/体重比和肝细胞损伤显 著增加。MCDD喂养基因缺陷鼠的组织学损伤最为严重且肝纤维化显著较多,且虽然有肝脂滴,但明显少于MCDD喂养的野生鼠。

  由此可见,肝细胞特异性自噬缺乏可导致严重的肝实质损伤,但可阻止肝细胞脂质积聚并改善血脂。MCDD喂养可加重肝损伤。

  钙离子非依赖性磷脂酶A2β(iPLA2β)缺陷或可改善肝脏脂代谢

  iPLA2β可将磷脂水解为溶血卵磷脂和脂肪酸。在体外培养细胞中,溶血卵磷脂可诱导脂肪酸和磷脂合成。德国学者沙米利特拉特 (Chamulitrat)等既往曾报告iPLA2β全基因缺陷可使iPLA2β、瘦素单基因或双基因同时敲除小鼠的肝重及肝甘油三酯含量降低。本次大 会,Chamulitrat报告iPLA2β参与脂肪肝调节过程磷脂与脂肪酸的代谢,其缺乏可抑制衰老过程中及瘦素缺乏时脂肪肝的发生及脂肪酸水平增加。

  β7-整合素及其受体MAdCAM-1或为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)治疗新靶点

  NASH的发生与白细胞浸润的相关性还不清楚。

  德国学者德雷舍尔(Drescher)等探讨了归巢受体对MAdCAM-1/β7在NASH小鼠模型中的作用。采用MCDD喂养组成性表达的β7-整合素和MAdCAM-1基因敲除小鼠4周。

  结果显示,MCDD喂养期间,β7缺乏小鼠脂肪性肝炎发生较早且进展较快,而MAdCAM-1基因敲除小鼠组织形态学改变较少。β7基因敲除鼠肝脏炎 细胞浸润程度较重,提示NASH发病较早。与β7-整合素缺乏鼠及野生鼠相比,MAdCAM-1基因敲除鼠调节T细胞(Treg)标志物表达显著增加,提 示其疾病进展程度较轻。最终,β7-整合素缺乏鼠的胶原积聚时间较早且程度越重,而MAdCAM-1基因敲除鼠则免于纤维化进展。

  综上所述,MCDD喂养鼠中,MAdCAM-1缺乏和β7-整合素缺乏的影响恰好相反,前者具有保护效应,后者导致疾病程度更重、纤维化进展更快。因此,β7-整合素及其受体MAdCAM-1可能是一种新的NASH治疗靶点。

  线粒体完整性与肝功能密切相关

  线粒体动力学和功能的调节依赖于各种蛋白质,如抑素蛋白(Phb1和Phb2)。Phb功能障碍与衰老、癌症、肥胖和炎症相关。肝Phb1缺失小鼠可表现为肝损伤和肝细胞癌。

  瑞士学者马丁-勒维兰(Martin-Levilain)等报告了肝脏Phb2缺失可使小鼠线粒体形态和超微结构发生改变,这些变化可导致肝脂肪积聚及肝糖异生缺陷,提示线粒体的完整性与肝功能密切相关。

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    2014-06-19 lvygwyt2781
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    2015-03-02 xiaoai5777

    好文章,超赞

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2083875, encodeId=204e20838e529, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d3b820e32c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AFLD#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2073, encryptionId=d3b820e32c, topicName=AFLD)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=947269, createdName=lvygwyt2781, createdTime=Thu Jun 19 11:21:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=17341, encodeId=575c1e341a8, content=好文章,超赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=36a81612921, createdName=xiaoai5777, createdTime=Mon Mar 02 00:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1653966, encodeId=74f1165396667, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1e1584351b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脂肪性肝病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84351, encryptionId=1e1584351b2, topicName=脂肪性肝病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Sun Sep 14 18:21:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1673237, encodeId=f27b16e323780, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=757b954e922' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酒精性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95479, encryptionId=757b954e922, topicName=酒精性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=398f26933958, createdName=huiwelcome, createdTime=Sat Jul 26 09:21:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1676271, encodeId=37a616e6271fa, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=397299e19c7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#非酒精性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99719, encryptionId=397299e19c7, topicName=非酒精性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d18c27357544, createdName=Tommy1958, createdTime=Tue Nov 18 09:21:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1810015, encodeId=c9d11810015c2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=70f484349b5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脂肪性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84349, encryptionId=70f484349b5, topicName=脂肪性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c49e75, createdName=qjddjq, createdTime=Fri Mar 13 22:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1412527, encodeId=1309141252e60, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebcd6442dc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#EASL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6442, encryptionId=ebcd6442dc, topicName=EASL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a0c52872504, createdName=kord1983, createdTime=Mon May 05 09:21:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1519189, encodeId=87211519189e2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2082286e7b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2867, encryptionId=2082286e7b, topicName=ASL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c1a311248160, createdName=lq1771, createdTime=Mon May 05 09:21:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2015-03-13 qjddjq
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    2014-05-05 kord1983
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    2014-05-05 lq1771

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