注射剂一致性评价在即,葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)何去何从?

2018-02-01 面朝大海 新浪医药

1月16日,云南食品药品监督管理局发布《2017年第4期不合格药品质量公告》,对所涉81批次不合格药品予以公告,其中某制药企业生产的葡萄糖酸钙注射液(规格:10ml:1g)因“可见异物”而被列入其中。

1月16日,云南食品药品监督管理局发布《2017年第4期不合格药品质量公告》,对所涉81批次不合格药品予以公告,其中某制药企业生产的葡萄糖酸钙注射液(规格:10ml:1g)因“可见异物”而被列入其中。

1事件回放

葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)为我国医保目录品种(医保类别为甲类),该药物作为解救药或抗过敏性药物广泛应用于各种急重病患以及过敏性药物不良反应救治。

据悉,2012年至今全国各级药监局网站共公布的45起质量公告或抽查公告显示,共有10多家制药企业生产的葡萄糖酸钙注射液(规格为10ml:1g)因“可见异物”而被列为不合格产品,期间有企业发生多起不同批次的葡萄糖酸钙注射液“可见异物”不合格事件。

来自药智网的数据显示,我国葡萄糖酸钙注射液共有62个批准文号,其中56个批准文号的规格为10ml:1g,其它批准文号规格为10ml:0.5mg。尽管我国葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)生产批文较多,但有消息称,多数企业因产品质量不稳定已停产。

葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)因“可见异物”不合格并非偶然事件,早在10多年前就有学者对葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)在制备和贮存过程中出现白色结晶做过深度分析,并提出过相关解决措施。

由此看来,葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)在制备和贮存过程中出现“可见异物”至今仍尚未有效解决。

2适应症与用法

葡萄糖酸钙注射液是一种钙补充剂,临床上主要用于:

治疗钙缺乏,急性血钙过低、碱中毒及甲状旁腺功能低下所致的手足搐搦症;

过敏性疾患;

镁中毒时的解救;

氟中毒的解救;

心脏复苏时应用(如高血钾或低血钙,或钙通道阻滞引起的心功能异常的解救)。

葡萄糖酸钙注射液说明书[用法用量]项明确指出“用10%葡萄糖注射液稀释后缓慢注射,每分钟不超过5ml。小儿用于低钙血症,按体重25mg/kg(6.8mg钙)缓慢静注。但因刺激性较大,本品一般情况下不用于小儿”。与中国药典配套的《临床用药须知》,对葡萄糖酸钙在[给药说明]项明确表示“本药刺激性较大,不宜皮下或肌内注射,应缓慢静脉滴注”。值得一提的是,葡萄糖酸钙注射液说明书“注意事项”明确指出“静脉注射时如漏出血管外,可致注射部位皮肤发红、皮疹和疼痛,并可随后出现脱皮和组织坏死”。

有研究结果表明,即使葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)经稀释后,静脉给药时也因给药速度不同而引起不同的不良反应。一般说来,速度慢的给药方式发生不良反应可能低于速度快的给药方式。尽管有关葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)的用法,以及不良反应方面的报道颇多,但临床中未经稀释致外渗的医案亦有发生。

总之,葡萄糖酸钙注射液因浓度高,刺激性大不宜直接静脉给药,而建议稀释后给药。此外,为降低不良反应,提高患者用药的耐受性和依从性,经稀释后给药时的速度也不宜过快。

3不良反应

尽管葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)已有多年的临床用药经验,但有关其不良反应时有报道。张歆[1]等人对山东省药品不良反应监测中心药物不良反应报告数据库中2010年1月1日至2015年9月15日的268例葡萄糖酸钙注射液不良反应进行了统计分析,其研究结果显示,药物不良反应多发生于静脉滴注时,发生时间多为前30min;临床累及器官或系统主要为胃肠道系统、全身性反应和皮肤及其附件。周燕飞[2]等人进行的331例葡萄糖酸钙注射液不反应的荟萃分析亦显示,出现致死,过敏性休克,心脏严重反应,过敏反应,异常反应,血管损伤,局部坏死,软组织钙化,甲亢并发周期性麻痹等不良反应。其中,有200例5个月至3岁儿童在注射过程中出现外渗。

此外,有研究显示,葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)与多种药物存在配伍反应。其中,杨平存[3]提到葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)与注射用阿莫西林克拉维酸钾、注射用头孢曲松钠、注射用法莫替丁,地塞米松磷酸钠注射液等多种药物存在配伍反应。

综上,临床中观察到的葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)不良反应较多,可与多种药物存在配伍反应,给药时需稀释后给药且给药速度不宜过快。以此看来,葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)对毫无临床用药经验的医护人员而言颇具挑战性,若使用不当会对患者造成严重伤害。

4葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)与可见异物

可见异物是在规定条件下目视可以观测到的任何不溶性物质,其粒径通常大于50μm,影响因素涉及到原辅料、包装材料、环境因素、生产设备、生产操作和使用操作等多个方面。可见异物按类别可分为可溶性和不可溶性两种。可溶性可见异物是由于过饱和溶液在一定温度下结晶析出,不溶性可见异物包括玻屑、纤维、橡胶、涤纶、昆虫、白块、色点、胶塞等。由于不溶性可见异物来源不同,常常带有大量的细菌和内毒素,给药物质量造成严重污染,给患者健康带来严重危害。

25℃时,葡萄糖酸钙在水中的溶解度为3.5g/100ml,而葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)中的葡萄糖酸钙的浓度近10%。可见,葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)实则是一种过饱和溶液。在排除不溶性可见异物引至本品的情况下,笔者认为葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)之所以出现可溶性可见异物无非存在以下主要几点:

葡萄糖酸钙注射溶液(10ml:1g)的规格设计不合理,从制剂学角度根本就无法解决过饱和溶液析晶;

葡萄糖酸钙注射溶液(10ml:1g)的规格设计并无不妥,仅因处方设计不合理而尚未解决过饱和溶液析晶;

已通过处方工艺有效解决过饱和溶液析晶问题,但却未严格按照生产工艺操作规程执行生产;

过饱和溶液低温时容易析出结晶,本品在运输或贮藏过程因未对温度进行严格控制而导致产品析出。

总之,葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)因为一过饱和溶液而容易析出结晶,且临床使用过程中对医护人员要求颇高而成为高风险品种中的高风险。

5葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)在美国的上市情况

据悉,美国目前仅Fresenius Kabi USA一家企业生产葡萄糖酸钙注射液,规格有10ml:1g、50ml:5g和100ml:10g三种(浓度均为100mg/ml),该产品浓度与我国上市的葡萄糖酸钙注射溶液(10ml:1g)浓度相同,其Label明确指出本品的储藏温度为20-25℃。其Label还特意提到,过饱和溶液易析出固体,本品若出现固体时可将药瓶加热至60~80℃,并略微搅动,直至固体完全溶解,溶液澄清。值得一提的是,美国FDA还将Fresenius Kabi USA生产的上述3个不同规格的葡萄糖酸钙注射液确定为参比制剂(RLD)和对照制剂(RS)。

由此可见,葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)并非我国才有,享有“美国人健康守护神”的美国FDA也批准了Fresenius Kabi USA生产的葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)。当国产葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)因“可见异物”或“不良反应”事件而频频上头条时,笔者禁不住会问,Fresenius Kabi USA生产的在美国上市的葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)出现类型情况的频率高吗?

6CFDA对化学仿制药(注射剂)一致性评价的技术要求

2017年12月22日,我国仿制药质量与疗效一致性评价办公室发布《已上市化学仿制药(注射剂)一致性评价技术要求(征求意见稿)》,要求对已上市注射剂按照该技术要求和国内外相关技术指导原则开展一致性评价研究工作。该征求意见稿第四条明确指出“作为参比制剂的原研产品应具有完整和充分的安全性、有效性数据作为上市依据”,第五条又明确指出“注射剂仿制药中的辅料种类和用量通常应与参比制剂相同。辅料的用量相同是指仿制药辅料为参比制剂辅料用量的95%-105%”。

可见,我国已对注射剂一致性评价提上日程。尽管目前尚无与注射剂一致性评价更为详细的文件可供参考,但估计已有部分企业轰轰烈烈着手开始干了起来。对于批准文号颇多,且曾多次因“可见异物”不合格而频频进入大众视野的葡萄糖酸钙注射液(10ml:1g)估计将成为这些企业的一大心病,真不知道持有本品批准文号的生产企业们是否会踏上注射剂一致性评价的征程?

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    2018-04-02 zhanfl
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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1906862, encodeId=7487190686290, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d91e1943441' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#一致性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19434, encryptionId=d91e1943441, topicName=一致性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3138208, createdName=zhanfl, createdTime=Mon Apr 02 17:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1934279, encodeId=388519342e95e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9252882e65b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#葡萄糖酸钙#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88276, encryptionId=9252882e65b, topicName=葡萄糖酸钙)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fd18451, createdName=xre2008, createdTime=Sun Oct 07 18:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1371302, encodeId=540d13e130213, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d984649e455' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#注射剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64974, encryptionId=d984649e455, topicName=注射剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5380325, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Sat Feb 03 02:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1444328, encodeId=af711444328b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3d9291459d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#评价#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91459, encryptionId=3d9291459d1, topicName=评价)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1fee5134542, createdName=huagfeg, createdTime=Sat Feb 03 02:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1586540, encodeId=766215865406a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f87c6499085' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#注射液#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64990, encryptionId=f87c6499085, topicName=注射液)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c93417353045, createdName=shijzhiewnjhch, createdTime=Sat Feb 03 02:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-03 zchen
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1906862, encodeId=7487190686290, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d91e1943441' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#一致性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19434, encryptionId=d91e1943441, topicName=一致性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3138208, createdName=zhanfl, createdTime=Mon Apr 02 17:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1934279, encodeId=388519342e95e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9252882e65b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#葡萄糖酸钙#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88276, encryptionId=9252882e65b, topicName=葡萄糖酸钙)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fd18451, createdName=xre2008, createdTime=Sun Oct 07 18:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1371302, encodeId=540d13e130213, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d984649e455' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#注射剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64974, encryptionId=d984649e455, topicName=注射剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5380325, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Sat Feb 03 02:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1444328, encodeId=af711444328b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3d9291459d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#评价#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91459, encryptionId=3d9291459d1, topicName=评价)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1fee5134542, createdName=huagfeg, createdTime=Sat Feb 03 02:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1586540, encodeId=766215865406a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f87c6499085' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#注射液#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64990, encryptionId=f87c6499085, topicName=注射液)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c93417353045, createdName=shijzhiewnjhch, createdTime=Sat Feb 03 02:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-03 huagfeg
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1906862, encodeId=7487190686290, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d91e1943441' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#一致性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19434, encryptionId=d91e1943441, topicName=一致性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3138208, createdName=zhanfl, createdTime=Mon Apr 02 17:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1934279, encodeId=388519342e95e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9252882e65b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#葡萄糖酸钙#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88276, encryptionId=9252882e65b, topicName=葡萄糖酸钙)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fd18451, createdName=xre2008, createdTime=Sun Oct 07 18:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1371302, encodeId=540d13e130213, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d984649e455' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#注射剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64974, encryptionId=d984649e455, topicName=注射剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5380325, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Sat Feb 03 02:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1444328, encodeId=af711444328b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3d9291459d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#评价#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91459, encryptionId=3d9291459d1, topicName=评价)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1fee5134542, createdName=huagfeg, createdTime=Sat Feb 03 02:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1586540, encodeId=766215865406a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f87c6499085' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#注射液#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64990, encryptionId=f87c6499085, topicName=注射液)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c93417353045, createdName=shijzhiewnjhch, createdTime=Sat Feb 03 02:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]

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