盘点:近期前列腺癌治疗及机理一览

2018-05-20 AlexYang MedSci原创

前列腺癌是指发生在前列腺的上皮性恶性肿瘤。2004年WHO《泌尿系统及男性生殖器官肿瘤病理学和遗传学》中前列腺癌病理类型上包括腺癌(腺泡腺癌)、导管腺癌、尿路上皮癌、鳞状细胞癌、腺鳞癌。其中前列腺腺癌占95%以上,因此,通常我们所说的前列腺癌就是指前列腺腺癌。梅斯医学小编整理了近期前列腺癌的研究进展,与大家一起分享学习!【1】Prostate Cancer P D: 免疫检查点阻断结合冷冻

前列腺癌是指发生在前列腺的上皮性恶性肿瘤。2004年WHO《泌尿系统及男性生殖器官肿瘤病理学和遗传学》中前列腺癌病理类型上包括腺癌(腺泡腺癌)、导管腺癌、尿路上皮癌、鳞状细胞癌、腺鳞癌。其中前列腺腺癌占95%以上,因此,通常我们所说的前列腺癌就是指前列腺腺癌。梅斯医学小编整理了近期前列腺癌的研究进展,与大家一起分享学习!


前列腺癌在男性中仍旧是癌症引起死亡的第二大主导因素。免疫检查点阻断抗体治疗彻底改变了多种实体肿瘤的治疗方式,但是在前列腺癌中的治疗结果仍旧不清楚。之间的研究表明了局部治疗,尤其是冷冻消融术治疗也许会增加肿瘤的免疫原性。最近,有研究人员调查了肿瘤冷冻消融术语检查点阻断抗体之间的潜在的协同作用。

研究发现,利用抗CTLA-4抗体和冷冻消融术治疗,能够显著的推迟远距离肿瘤的生长,长达14.8天(p=0.0006),并且与冷冻消融术单独治疗相比,能够显著的减少死亡率(p=0.0003),缩减幅度可达4倍。研究人员发现,该协同作用依赖于CD3+和CD8+细胞。另外,PD-1阻断结合冷冻消融术治疗并没有表现出两者单独使用时更好的效果。而将ADT加入到抗PD1治疗和冷冻消融术中后,可以在未治疗的肿瘤中可以加倍延迟肿瘤生长(p=0.0021),并且在25%的小鼠模型中,与冷冻消融术结合ADT治疗相比,可以增加生存率。另外,抗PD-1结合ADT和冷冻消融术结合对小鼠生存的影响可以通过T细胞的缺失来进行排除。

最后,研究人员指出,三种模式的治疗,包括雄激素阻断、冷冻消融术和PD-1阻断,以及冷冻消融术与低剂量抗CTLA-4阻断剂的结合表明,冷冻消融术的局部治疗能够增大前列腺癌中检查点阻断的作用。


转移趋势难治性前列腺癌(CRPC)是一种致死的前列腺癌形式,并且在该类型的癌症中,雄激素受体(AR)的表达是高度异质性的。的确,在CRPC组织中,AR的表达更低并且AR特征活性衰减,尤其是在神经内分泌前列腺癌(NEPC)和前列腺癌干细胞样细胞(PCSCs)亚类型中。然而,雄激素不敏感中AR的显著下调和在CRPC中肿瘤细胞的去分化仍旧了解甚少并且很容易忽略。

之前的研究表明了孤儿核受体TLX(NR2E1)在前列腺癌中是上调的,并且在前列腺癌形成过程中通过抑制癌基因诱导的衰老扮演者致瘤角色。最近,有研究人员进一步阐释了TLX在转移性CRPC中表达增加。进一步的分析表明,体内和体外试验中,TLX的过表达能够在雄激素依赖的前列腺癌细胞中给雄激素阻断和抗雄激素治疗带来阻力,然而,内源基因TLX的敲除能够加强前列腺癌细胞对雄激素阻断和抗雄激素敏感性。另外,在雄激素刺激和非刺激前列腺癌细胞中,研究还阐释了TLX诱导的对雄激素阻断和抗雄激素抗性可以通过它对AR基因转录和信号的直接抑制来进行调控。研究人员还鉴定了TLX能够直接与AR启动子结合,并且可以通过招募组蛋白修饰因子,包括HDAC1、HDAC3和LSD1来抑制AR转录。

最后,研究人员指出,他们的研究首次阐释了TLX在CRPC中通过对AR基因转录和信号的抑制,能够导致雄激素的不敏感性,同样也表明了以TLX为靶标也许在CRPC治疗中具有潜在的治疗意义,尤其是在NEPC和PCSCs中。


前列腺癌综合的基因组特征分析鉴定了许多基因中的复发性变异,这些基因参与了雄激素信号途径、DNA修复和PI3K信号途径以及其他相关过程。然而,更大的和统一的基因组分析也许能够在更低的频率上鉴定另外的复发性突变的基因。

最近,有研究人员对来自1013名前列腺癌样本的外显子组测序数据进行了集中和一致性的分析。研究人员鉴定和确认了一类新的E26转录因子(ETS)融合阴性肿瘤,是通过表观调控因子的变异以及在之前前列腺癌没有报道过的信号通路中的变异进行定义的,比如剪接体通路。研究人员还发现显著的突变基因(SMGs)的发生率遵从一个长尾分布,且许多基因的变异在案例中占比少于3%。研究人员总共鉴定了97个SMGs,包括在前列腺癌中70个之前没有报道过的,比如泛素连接酶CUL3和转录因子SPEN。最后,研究人员通过比较原发性和转移性前列腺癌鉴定了一系列的基因组标记,这些标记也许表明了风险分层。


对醋酸阿比特龙(AA)的原发性抗性能够在20%-40%的患者中发生,醋酸阿比特龙是治疗转移性去势难治性前列腺癌的关键的治疗药物。最近,有研究人员鉴定了能够对AA治疗响应进行预测的生物标记和阐释了治疗抗性相关的机制。

研究人员对来自33名AA治疗患者的108份血浆样本进行了游离循环DNA(cfDNA)修饰情况分析。研究发现,在AA敏感和AA抗性患者相比中,有30个胞嘧啶表现出了显著的修饰差异(FDR q<0.05),其中的21个胞嘧啶修饰在治疗之前就已经存在差异化修饰。另外,AA敏感患者而不是AA抗性患者,在开始AA治疗后不久就丢失了cfDNA修饰的个体差异,但是这样的变化在治疗后期重新恢复到了起始水平。

最后,研究人员指出,他们的研究对AA治疗响应的预测提供了一系列的潜在生物标记,强调了使用胞嘧啶修饰变异作为生物标记的诊断价值,同时也为AA敏感患者前列腺癌复发的机制提供了一些新的见解。


人类激肽释放酶肽酶2(hk2)是一种前列腺特异性酶,它的表达受雄激素受体(AR)控制。AR是前列腺癌(PCa)的核心致瘤驱使因子,并且在癌症的DNA修复过程是是关键的调控因子。

最近,有研究人员报道了一个创新的治疗策略,该策略利用了激素-DNA修复回路来促使分子特异性的α粒子在PCa中的注入。前列腺癌α粒子注入是通过分子特异性靶标位点和针对hK2的人源化单克隆抗体hu11B6的内化来引起的,并且进一步的可以通过固有的DNA修复机制促进hK2(KLK2)在体内的表达来促进上述作用。 Hu11B6标记的锕-225单独注射能够根除疾病,并且在动物模型中能够显著的延长生存。

另外,由α粒子注入引起的DNA损伤能够诱导AR和随后的KLK2的表达,产生一种特殊的前馈调节机制,该机制能够增加hu11B6的结合能力。在非灵长类动物模型中的成像数据支持了在男性中使用hu11B6的可能性。

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    2018-05-29 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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    2018-05-22 一个字-牛

    学习了谢谢分享

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    2018-05-21 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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    2018-05-21 kafei

    学习学习谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-05-20 有备才能无患

    前列腺癌是指发生在前列腺的上皮性恶性肿瘤.2004年WHO<泌尿系统及男性生殖器官肿瘤病理学和遗传学>中前列腺癌病理类型上包括腺癌(腺泡腺癌).导管腺癌.尿路上皮癌.鳞状细胞癌.腺鳞癌.其中前列腺腺癌占95%以上.因此.通常我们所说的前列腺癌就是指前列腺腺癌.梅斯医学小编整理了近期前列腺癌的研究进展.与大家一起分享学习!

    0

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    2018-05-20 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

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前列腺癌是指发生在前列腺的上皮性恶性肿瘤。2004年WHO《泌尿系统及男性生殖器官肿瘤病理学和遗传学》中前列腺癌病理类型上包括腺癌(腺泡腺癌)、导管腺癌、尿路上皮癌、鳞状细胞癌、腺鳞癌。其中前列腺腺癌占95%以上,因此,通常我们所说的前列腺癌就是指前列腺腺癌。梅斯医学小编整理了近期前列腺癌的研究进展,与大家一起分享学习!【1】Brit J Cancer:在前瞻性前列腺癌筛选研究中,具有遗传易感

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