病例分享:面对越来越多的肺小结节应该怎么办?什么方法能解决肺小结节有恶性倾向又不适宜手术的难题?

2018-04-02 王瑞、范晓云 呼吸界

随着低剂量螺旋CT的逐渐普及,越来越多的人在体检中发现肺部结节,或者在治疗其他肺部疾病时发现肺部结节,随之而来的十分令人困扰的问题就是:这些结节是良性还是恶性?该如何处理?该不该手术?如果选择定期随访,会不会在随访过程中病灶增大等等……

前言

随着低剂量螺旋CT的逐渐普及,越来越多的人在体检中发现肺部结节,或者在治疗其他肺部疾病时发现肺部结节,随之而来的十分令人困扰的问题就是:这些结节是良性还是恶性?该如何处理?该不该手术?如果选择定期随访,会不会在随访过程中病灶增大等等……

不仅仅是患者,临床医生面临此类问题也并非都能轻松作答,而且一部分患者由于高龄、心肺功能差或者其他原因,不适宜手术,此类患者若肺部结节有恶性倾向,处理起来将更加棘手。

近期,安徽医科大学第一附属医院呼吸与危重症学科收治了一位77岁老年人,其反复咳嗽2月余,胸部CT现肺部小结节2天入院。

该患者于入院2月前开始无明显诱因下出现咳嗽,无明显咳痰,外院予以抗感染及止咳祛痰等对症治疗,症状有所改善,但行胸部CT提示左肺上叶尖后段见类圆形高密度影,直径1.3*0.7cm,边缘欠光整。

个人史及既往史:患者农民,无吸烟史及家族肿瘤病史,无手术史,无明确其他疾病病史。

入科后行胸部高分辨率CT,提示左肺上叶一直径约1.1cm类圆形高密度影,边缘欠清,见毛刺,左肺上叶舌段纤维化灶。肺功能提示重度限制性通气功能障碍,FVC 1.09L,占预计值47.5%。



图1 术前胸部CT提示左上肺叶小结节

CT引导下肺穿刺术同时行肺小结节射频消融治疗

该患者肺部结节存在恶性倾向,但高龄、基础肺功能差、手术风险较大,家属及患者拒绝手术治疗,因病灶较小,PET-CT诊断准确率下降,为满足诊断及治疗需要,最终决定行CT引导下肺穿刺术,同时针对病灶行CT引导下肺射频消融术治疗,避免反复穿刺增加气胸及出血风险。

与患者家属反复沟通,告知术中气胸以及出血的风险,家属签署知情同意书后于2018年3月28日下午4点开始行CT引导下肺穿刺术以及肺射频消融术治疗,考虑背部肌肉利于穿刺针固定,病人俯卧于CT检查床上,扫描后对结节穿刺部位进行体表定位,因骨质遮挡,调整患者手臂位置后,在肩胛骨及肋骨间找到一缝隙方可进行穿刺,如图2。采用一次性同轴穿刺针穿刺到病灶部位,取出数条组织后送病理。穿刺完成后对立即对小结节进行射频消融治疗,如图3,穿刺针留在病灶处,将适形多极射频肿瘤消融电极针WHK-1A直接通过活检针外鞘置入小结节病灶处,穿刺针后退,启动消融,功率:180W,温度:85~90℃,治疗12分钟,行肺部CT扫描观察到晕轮征,见治疗效果,如图4,于是针道消融,拔出射频消融针,未见气胸。



最终病理证实为浸润性腺癌,如图5:



图5 肺穿刺术病理结果

射频消融术治疗良恶性肺小结节的优势

射频消融术治疗肿瘤是近十年来发展起来的新型临床应用技术,早期多应用于肝癌的治疗,近几年逐渐开始探索对肺癌的射频消融治疗。CT引导下射频消融治疗肺癌技术的优点是影像引导定位精确,肺组织中升温效率高,凝固区坏死彻底,并且对其正常组织损伤很小,是对肺癌局部灭活的理想选择。而对于肺小结节的治疗,可采取肺穿刺同时行射频消融治疗,一次解决诊断及治疗需要,避免反复穿刺损失,且小病灶消融治疗彻底,避免开胸手术大动干戈,不影响患者日常生活,可成为此类患者特别是老年患者的一个更好的选择。

CT引导下经皮射频消融治疗技术简介

CT引导下的经皮射频消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)是一种微创经皮治疗实体肿瘤的技术,是指在CT影像设备引导下,将射频电极针穿刺至肿瘤靶心,利用高频率射频电流,发生高速震荡摩擦产热,局部温度达60~120℃,当组织温度高于50℃时,即出现凝固性坏死,温度高于60℃时,组织内线粒体、溶酶体、蛋白质及DNA出现不可逆变性,可最大限度的灭活靶区的肿瘤细胞,扩散至周围0.5~1cm的正常组织,彻底毁损。

热消融治疗肺部疾病自2004年开始在欧美国家逐渐开展,且治疗例数逐年上升,目前每年超过40万例。我国卫计委在2015年颁布的《原发性肺癌诊疗规范》中也指出:心肺功能等机体状况经评估无法接受手术的I期和II期非小细胞肺癌患者,可选择根治性放疗、射频消融治疗和物理治疗等;IV期非小细胞肺癌患者可在全身治疗基础上针对具体的局部情况,可选择恰当的局部治疗方法以求改善症状,提高生活质量。


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    2019-03-05 1e1d4142m29(暂无匿称)

    很好的一个学习范例

    0

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    2018-12-04 gjsgj
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    2018-04-06 秀红

    学习了

    0

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    2018-04-05 12225669m29暂无昵称

    学习学习

    0

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