血脂异常防治的常见问题——写给基层医生

2016-04-19 河北省人民医院 郭艺芳 新浪微博@郭艺芳心血管

高胆固醇血症是动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(包括冠心病、缺血性卒中、间歇性跛行以及有症状的颈动脉狭窄等)最重要的危险因素。这类疾病的诊断与治疗多可以在基层医疗机构进行,因而基层医务工作者是防治心血管疾病的主力军。本文汇总了临床上经常遇到的若干问题,希望对大家有所帮助。1、什么是血脂?血脂是血液中胆固醇、甘油三酯(TG)和类脂的总称。在多数医院所提供的化验单中,血脂检验项目主要包括胆固醇和TG两组参

高胆固醇血症是动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(包括冠心病、缺血性卒中、间歇性跛行以及有症状的颈动脉狭窄等)最重要的危险因素。这类疾病的诊断与治疗多可以在基层医疗机构进行,因而基层医务工作者是防治心血管疾病的主力军。本文汇总了临床上经常遇到的若干问题,希望对大家有所帮助。


1、什么是血脂?


血脂是血液中胆固醇、甘油三酯(TG)和类脂的总称。在多数医院所提供的化验单中,血脂检验项目主要包括胆固醇和TG两组参数。总胆固醇(TC)又被分为高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)。其中LDL-C与心脑血管病关系最密切,各医疗机构检验血脂时一定要包括此指标。


2、血脂异常有什么危害?


无论是胆固醇还是TG,都是健康人体内所存在的成分,对于维持正常生命活动必不可少。但如果TC、LDL-C、TG过高或HDL-C过低,可对人体健康产生不利影响,被称为血脂异常。上述各项参数中,最需重视的是LDL-C,该指标越高,发生心脑血管病的危险越大。此外,TG严重增高(≥5.6 mmol/L)时会增加急性胰腺炎的风险,后者也是一种很严重的疾病。


3、化验单上各项参数正常就不用治疗吗?


是否需要药物治疗主要取决于患者的具体情况与其LDL-C水平,化验单上的“正常值”没有太大意义。例如,如果患有冠心病或脑梗死,应该将其LDL-C降低至2.0 mmol/L(最好1.8 mmol/L)以下,因此即便化验单上LDL-C在正常范围内,也需要应用他汀药物治疗。


4、关于高甘油三酯血症的诊断


多数化验单上将<1.7 mmol/L作为TG的正常上限,一些医生便将这个数值作为高甘油三酯血症的诊断标准。这样做是不准确的。TG在1.7~2.26mmol/L之间时属于边缘升高,TG超过2.26mmol/L才是高甘油三酯血症的诊断标准。


5、哪些人需要检查血脂?


以下人员需每年检查血脂:1)已罹患冠心病、脑血管病或周围动脉粥样硬化疾病的患者;2)高血压患者、糖尿病患者、肥胖者、吸烟者;3)有冠心病、卒中或其他动脉粥样硬化性疾病家族史者,尤其是直系亲属中有早发病或早病死者,家族中有高脂血症者;4)有黄色瘤或黄疣的人;5)45岁以上的男性和绝经后的女性;6)头晕、头痛、失眠、胸闷气短、记忆力下降、注意力不集中、健忘、体形偏胖、四肢沉重或肢体麻木等人;7)其他健康成年人最好每年检验一次,至少每隔3~5年检查一次血脂。


6、检测血脂需要空腹抽血吗?


国内医院一般都会要求空腹抽血,因此检测血脂前8-10小时内最好避免吃饭饮水。但近年研究发现,是否空腹对于血脂化验结果影响不大,因此特殊情况下,吃饭喝水后也可以采血化验。


7、为什么将LDL-C作为主要的治疗目标?


LDL-C是“坏胆固醇”负责把胆固醇由血液中运输到动脉血管壁的粥样斑块内,HDL-C被称作“好胆固醇”,斑块内的胆固醇运输出来。LDL-C越高越容易形成斑块;HDL-C较低则可增加斑块的风险。降低LDL-C水平是防治心脑血管病的核心策略之一。对于HDL-C降低和(或)TG升高的患者,改善生活方式(控制饮食、增加运动、减轻体重、戒烟限酒等)是主要治疗措施。若TG严重升高(≥5.6 mmol/L)时,为降低急性胰腺炎风险,可首选非诺贝特或缓释烟酸治疗。因缺乏有效的研究证据,不建议应用药物升高HDL-C。


8、应该把LDL-C控制在什么水平?


个人情况不同,LDL-C的控制目标也不同,具体请见附表1:


表1. 降胆固醇治疗的目标值


9、为什么说他汀是最重要的降胆固醇药物?


目前我国临床常用的调脂药物主要包括他汀类、贝特类、烟酸类以及胆固醇吸收抑制剂。其中他汀类药物具有最充分的临床研究证据,可以显著改善患者预后。因而他汀被视为防治心脑血管病最重要的药物。


10、如何选择他汀的品种和剂量?


最简单的做法是:1)检验患者LDL-C水平;2)根据表1确定该患者LDL-C的控制目标以及达到这一目标需要降低LDL-C的幅度;3)根据表2选择适宜剂量与种类的他汀。


表2. 不同种类与不同剂量他汀的降胆固醇幅度


11、患者不能耐受他汀治疗时怎么办?


临床上,少数患者可能不能耐受常规剂量的他汀治疗,此时可考虑以下措施:1)更换另一种他汀;2)减少他汀剂量或改为隔日一次用药;3)换用其他种类替代药物(如依折麦布);4)单独或联合使用贝特类或烟酸缓释剂;5)进一步强化生活方式治疗。若患者需使用但不能耐受大剂量他汀治疗,可用中小剂量他汀联合依折麦布。


12、他汀治疗时出现不良反应如何处理?


在启用他汀类药物时,要检测肝转氨酶和肌酸激酶(CK),治疗期间定期监测复查。若治疗期间出现肌肉不适或无力症状以及排褐色尿时应及时报告,并进一步检测CK。如果发生或高度怀疑肌炎,应立即停止他汀类药物治疗。其他情况的处理如下:1)如果患者报告可能的肌肉症状,应检测CK并与治疗前水平进行对比;2)由于甲状腺功能低下患者易发生肌病,对于有肌肉症状的患者,还应检测促甲状腺素水平;3)若患者有肌肉触痛、压痛或疼痛,伴或不伴CK升高,应排除常见的原因,如运动和体力劳动;4)一旦患者有肌肉触痛、压痛或疼痛,CK高于正常上限10倍,应停止他汀类药物治疗;5)当患者有肌肉触痛、压痛或疼痛,CK不升高或中度升高(升高3-10倍),应每周检测CK水平直至排除了药物作用或症状恶化至上述严重程度(应及时停药)。如果患者有肌肉不适和(或)无力,且连续检CK有进行性升高,应慎重考虑减少他汀类药物剂量或暂时停药。然后决定是否或何时再开始他汀类药物治疗。再次开始治疗时应从小剂量他汀开始,也可选用不同品种他汀。


13、血脂异常需要长期治疗吗?


坚持非药物治疗是纠正血脂异常的重要措施。即使开始用药治疗后仍应继续进行饮食控制和积极运动,不能因为药物治疗就放松生活方式干预。多数患者、特别是已经发生心脑血管疾病和(或)糖尿病者均需要长期用药。不能因为一段时间治疗后胆固醇降低到了目标值以下就自行停药或减小用药剂量,否则会明显增加发生心肌梗死或卒中等疾病的风险。

 

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    继续关注

    0

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    2016-05-01 lshanp

    血脂管理误区多多,学习了

    0

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    2016-04-24 黑心天使

    他汀作用多多,简直就是神器,吃的时间越长越获利

    0

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    2016-04-19 李继凯

    学习了…

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101635, encodeId=4dfd101635fa, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 15:53:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101636, encodeId=01811016363e, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 15:53:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83475, encodeId=b90a834e577, content=血脂管理误区多多,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210704/cdd1076905df433c93873ae6d3d51aef/eae5c73864694494acb8435eb7d2e9bb.jpg, createdBy=ec7b92572, createdName=lshanp, createdTime=Sun May 01 17:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=82547, encodeId=c6a98254efa, content=他汀作用多多,简直就是神器,吃的时间越长越获利, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9ebb1716792, createdName=黑心天使, createdTime=Sun Apr 24 20:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1253716, encodeId=69001253e161a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cbd48992056' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血脂异常#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89920, encryptionId=cbd48992056, topicName=血脂异常)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=bugit, createdTime=Thu Apr 21 01:34:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1374252, encodeId=2f0713e42520f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8671486541a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#常见问题#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48654, encryptionId=8671486541a, topicName=常见问题)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5e30378, createdName=caobinglei8079, createdTime=Thu Apr 21 01:34:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79670, encodeId=85c5e967029, content=学习了…, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 19:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79582, encodeId=9596e958291, content=血脂异常,对心脑血管影响很大。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160313/IMG56E50DEC424F44672.jpg, createdBy=ce5b1699635, createdName=Lisa971, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 16:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-04-19 Lisa971

    血脂异常,对心脑血管影响很大。

    0

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