Asian J Psychia:耳鸣还是幻听?如何区分?如何治疗?

2017-11-19 佚名 大话精神

幻听是精神分裂症患者经历的最常见的症状之一,其特征是在没有适当刺激的情况下主观地经历真实的声音。初级幻听可能由组织不良的声音组成,以简单的噪音,铃声,无差别的耳语或声音为特征。

幻听是精神分裂症患者经历的最常见的症状之一,其特征是在没有适当刺激的情况下主观地经历真实的声音。初级幻听可能由组织不良的声音组成,以简单的噪音,铃声,无差别的耳语或声音为特征。

主观耳鸣的患病率达10-14%,其特征在于耳中有嗡嗡声,响声,咔嗒声,吹口哨声和其他噪声的感觉(Belli et al,2012)。它可以作为中耳疾病,内耳疾病,前庭耳蜗神经疾病,脑内病变等的表现,继发于噪音,药物或是特发性的。耳鸣是中耳疾病患者最常见的症状之一,大约三分之二的精神病患者患有并发性耳病。

由于耳鸣的起源与初级幻听是不同的,因此,尽管临床上具有挑战性,但必须区分这两种情况。我们在此提出一个具有挑战性的精神病和双侧中耳乳突炎病例,试图区分初级幻觉和耳鸣。

病例报告

一名48岁双侧中耳炎已婚男性,18岁时进行过双侧鼓膜成形手术矫正,有精神病家族史(弟弟姐妹)。10年前(即38岁),急性起病,其特征为不信任妄想,关系妄想,失眠,显着的社会职业功能障碍。发病后6个月左右,开始服用利培酮6-8mg,2-3个月内有明显改善。在随后的9.5年的治疗中,他保持相对良好,但由于停药,症状复发了5-6次。在所有的复发过程中,他出现了类似的一系列症状(最后一次出现额外的被迫妄想),在重新开始相同的治疗之后,症状得以改善。

后来,在发病9.5年后(即48 岁时),他又因停药而复发,对于自己的身份、价值和财富夸大妄想。他也开始抱怨从耳边传来的风声,这些声音全天都会发生,主要来自他的左耳,通常强度低,在压力和安静的环境中间歇性加重。由于他将这些声音看作是来自远方,所以他开始把它归于联合国安理会。其次,他认为安理会发出的声音是保护性的,声音越大意味着在他附近的环境中会有危险。因此,在声音强度增加期间,他会变得异常激动,有辱骂行为,有时甚至具有侵略性。

在检查过程中,用手指遮挡外耳时,声音强度会增加。 Rinne's和Weber的测试和纯音测听提示双侧传导性听力损失,左侧更严重;CT扫描结果提示双侧乳突炎。其他体检,常规实验室血液检查,脑电图,脑干诱发反应测听均报告正常。尽管服用利培酮8mg和奥氮平20mg 3周,但症状没有改善。 然而,在改用三氟拉嗪30mg和苯海索4-6mg(以控制锥体外系副作用)的2周内,他的精神病症状完全改善,耳鸣的声音显着降低到最小和无痛苦。

讨论

上述病例提出区分耳鸣和基本幻听的诊断挑战。尽管最初在精神病期间,患者主观描述的声音符合初级幻听的定义,然而,在局部检查、纯音测听、脑干诱发反应测听、CT扫描的基础上,提示这种声音为耳鸣。而且,在用三氟拉嗪治疗之后,精神病症状完全改善,患者的洞察力和声音增加被认为是耳病引起。因此我们得出这样的结论:精神病期间的耳鸣被误解了。

下表总结了耳鸣和幻听之间的几个区别特征,这可能有助于早期识别精神病患者的耳鸣。



本病例的另一个重要亮点是耳鸣对三氟拉嗪反应良好。耳鸣与多巴胺能通路共享共同的大脑结构,连接皮层听觉颞区与皮质下边缘系统(Lopez-Gonzalez and Esteban-Ortega, 2005)。与耳鸣的多巴胺能假说相一致,在精神病症状(更高的多巴胺能状态)恶化期间,耳鸣也进一步加重,在服用三氟拉嗪后精神病症状以及耳鸣得到改善。一些随机对照试验也提示了多巴胺能拮抗剂在治疗耳鸣中的作用(Lopez-Gonzalez et al., 2007a, 2007b)。

这个病例的另一个亮点是在中耳疾病发作20年后发展了精神疾病。自20世纪初以来,人们就开始考虑耳病和精神分裂症之间的因果关系,中耳病理学一直被报道与内耳之间有因果关系。中耳疾病使精神病的风险增加2-3倍以上,而左侧中耳疾病则使其增加4倍以上。在本案中,韦伯试验和纯音听力测验显示,左耳受到的影响大于右耳。我们也没有发现任何颞骨异常或脑胶质增生,因此基本排除对颞叶的直接炎症损伤。

总之,本病例强调了中耳疾病与精神病发展之间潜在的关联。由于耳鸣与精神疾病共享一些症状表现,以及共同的多巴胺能通路机制,抗精神病药可能有助于治疗耳鸣。进一步的研究需要了解耳鸣的神经生物学和中耳疾病与精神病之间的关系。

原始出处:
Jain S, Srivastava A S,Maggu G, et al. Improvement of tinnitus with trifluoperazine in a patient with psychosis and ear disease[J]. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 2017.

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    2018-08-25 luwei00
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    2017-11-22 kksonne
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1780080, encodeId=b2331e8008067, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=10d62860dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2860, encryptionId=10d62860dd, topicName=ASIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e093393, createdName=luwei00, createdTime=Sat Aug 25 03:01:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1956444, encodeId=6c9b195644452, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b9292862f3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Asian#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2862, encryptionId=b9292862f3, topicName=Asian)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKnILSXam1GxPwj04ylEzibYLFA2eGl5Ev02klt80JA0xejMPqrn0mYHNNnLEgyqYTPbicXpY3tn6SA/132, createdBy=38fd2500059, createdName=新生儿张玉军, createdTime=Sat Nov 03 17:01:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1722242, encodeId=18bf1e222426b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cb0949060ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#幻听#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49060, encryptionId=cb0949060ec, topicName=幻听)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0f3533235351, createdName=kksonne, createdTime=Wed Nov 22 20:01:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=263105, encodeId=8e142631053c, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/fhZdOu27e88Voqh19n8eF8cLplo8L4nicKtH0WnE3KFELXns5XDu8rsiceK2HHDZc2SEStia5VV3Pia2QLMVqlWbHw/0, createdBy=6e012139475, createdName=神功盖世, createdTime=Tue Nov 21 12:55:35 CST 2017, time=2017-11-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1295746, encodeId=10091295e46f7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=86158052809' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#耳鸣#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=80528, encryptionId=86158052809, topicName=耳鸣)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3609256, createdName=zhu_jun9837, createdTime=Tue Nov 21 01:01:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=262692, encodeId=7878262692b5, content=耳鸣VS幻听, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/fhZdOu27e88Voqh19n8eF8cLplo8L4nicKtH0WnE3KFELXns5XDu8rsiceK2HHDZc2SEStia5VV3Pia2QLMVqlWbHw/0, createdBy=6e012139475, createdName=神功盖世, createdTime=Mon Nov 20 00:47:36 CST 2017, time=2017-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-21 神功盖世

    学习

    0

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    2017-11-20 神功盖世

    耳鸣VS幻听

    0

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