Cancer Cell:颠覆认知!儿童常见软组织癌起源被确定!我们错了N多年......

2018-01-10 Ruthy,Yui 转化医学网

横纹肌肉瘤是儿童中最常见的软组织癌。近日,圣犹大儿童研究医院的肿瘤学家发现了横纹肌肉瘤的真正来源。此前,科学家普遍认为横纹肌肉瘤是由未成熟的肌细胞产生,因为该肿瘤的显微镜下形态结构与肌肉相似。然而,圣犹大研究人员却发现该肿瘤是由一种未成熟的祖细胞恶化而来,而这种祖细胞是血管内皮细胞的前身。

横纹肌肉瘤是儿童中最常见的软组织癌。近日,圣犹大儿童研究医院的肿瘤学家发现了横纹肌肉瘤的真正来源。此前,科学家普遍认为横纹肌肉瘤是由未成熟的肌细胞产生,因为该肿瘤的显微镜下形态结构与肌肉相似。然而,圣犹大研究人员却发现该肿瘤是由一种未成熟的祖细胞恶化而来,而这种祖细胞是血管内皮细胞的前身。

这项由圣犹大儿童研究医院肿瘤科的Mark Hatley博士领导的研究于1月8日在《Cancer Cell》上以《Hedgehog Pathway Drives Fusion-Negative Rhabdomyosarcoma Initiated From Non-myogenic Endothelial Progenitors》为题发表。

Hatley说:“目前,我们仍在使用与46年前相同的化疗方案,结果不尽如人意。了解横纹肌肉瘤的细胞起源将使横纹肌肉瘤的研究更进一步,有助于协助诊断和治疗横纹肌肉瘤。在显微镜下,横纹肌肉瘤的细胞形态与肌细胞相似,因此临床医生认为它们起源于肌肉祖细胞,但这不能解释为什么该肿瘤可能发生在膀胱,前列腺和肝脏等没有骨骼肌的组织中。”

过去,哈佛大学的Andrew McMahon通过基因工程改造了一个生物转换器,这使得研究人员能够选择性地打开Hedgehog通路的关键部分(已知Hedgehog通路的异常激活能够引发癌症)。而得克萨斯州大学西南医学中心的Jonathan Graff利用这个模型来研究Hedgehog蛋白通路在脂肪细胞发育中的作用,出乎预料的是这些动物发生了头颈部肿瘤。此后,Hatley和Graff等人共同合作确定了这些头颈部肿瘤是横纹肌肉瘤。

他们发现横纹肌肉瘤根本不是由肌细胞驱动的,所以Hatley和他的团队决定在小鼠的生物学模型上找到这些肿瘤的起源细胞。而实验结果显示,横纹肌肉瘤是由一种未成熟的祖细胞恶化而来,这种祖细胞是血管内皮细胞的前身。研究还发现横纹肌肉瘤在患儿发病的早期发展迅速。这一发现提示该肿瘤的发展进程或许在患儿在出生之前就已经开始。通过对胚胎阶段的小鼠的研究,研究人员发现小鼠的肌纤维之间的细胞发生爆发性地膨胀,并在发育初期就形成肿瘤了。

除此之外,研究人员还探讨了另一个关键问题:KRAS通路能否引发横纹肌肉瘤?虽然已有其他科学家发现了KRAS通路驱动横纹肌肉瘤的证据,然而,当研究人员在临床前模型中开启KRAS通路时,却形成了血管肉瘤。

Hatley解释说:“这一发现告诉我们,我们模型中的横纹肌肉瘤是由激活的Hedgehog通路引起的,这也表明横纹肌肉瘤可能有多种起源细胞,不同位置的横纹肌肉瘤可能有不同的起源细胞。”

而Hatley和他团队的这项发现:横纹肌肉瘤细胞可促进头颈部肌肉发育。或许可以解释为什么横纹肌肉瘤倾向于发生在头部和颈部。

该研究的肿瘤细胞遗传学研究揭示了它们起源于内皮细胞的证据。Hatley说:“通过回顾这些肿瘤细胞的发展史,我们看到它们保留了内皮细胞发育的重要基因。研究的下一个重要步骤是将这些临床前发现应用于患者,通过分析他们的肿瘤细胞来协助诊断和治疗横纹肌肉瘤。”

如果人体横纹肌肉瘤与小鼠具有相同的发展机制,那么这些发现就可以帮助我们提前预估患者对治疗药物的反应。虽然目前的研究肿瘤模型并没有提出新药的靶点,但是如果我们能够确定横纹肌肉瘤的发生机制,那么或许可以找到新的药物靶点。而且这些发现还可能有助于预防遗传性横纹肌肉瘤的药物的研发。”

横纹肌肉瘤并不是真正的肌源性癌症,这一意想不到的发现,可能为寻求癌症细胞起源的相关研究提供更广泛的启示。而Hatley的这项研究结果也告诉我们,不要根据显微镜下的外观或者单凭已表达的基因来预测肿瘤的起源。需要详细了解他们的发育生物学才能下结论。

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    2018-12-18 维他命
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    2018-01-12 qilu_qi
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    2018-01-11 戒馋,懒,贪

    谢谢分享学习了

    0

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