颈椎前路术后并发食管念珠菌病1例

2018-06-03 陈华燕 李威 张毅 中国骨伤

患者,男,48岁,因“高处坠落致颈部疼痛、四肢无力1h”于2017年1月1日入院。

【一般资料】

患者,男,48岁,

【主诉】

因“高处坠落致颈部疼痛、四肢无力1h”于2017年1月1日入院。

【既往史】

既往体健,无免疫抑制剂应用史。

【体格检查】

体温36℃,脉搏56次/分,呼吸20次/分,血压82/43mmHg,血氧饱和度95%。神志清楚,全身浅表淋巴结未触及肿大及压痛;双肺呼吸音清晰,未闻及干湿罗音。腹膜刺激征(-),肝脾肋下未触及。自双肩平面以下感觉减退,肛门周围感觉正常,双上肢肌力Ⅰ级,左下肢肌力Ⅰ级,右下肢肌力Ⅱ级,肛门括约肌功能正常,病理征(-)。

【辅助检查】

胸片、心电图及相关实验室检查无异常,腹部B超(-)。颈椎CT提示寰椎前后弓骨折,MRI显示颈髓损伤(C3-C7T1加权像脊髓高信号),椎前血肿(图1a,1b)。



【初步诊断

(1)寰椎骨折;(2)不全性颈髓损伤(ASIAC级)。

【治疗】

患者入院完善术前检查,给予大剂量甲强龙冲击治疗后于2017年1月6日在全麻下Ⅰ期行后路寰枢融合、颈前路C4椎体次全切、C5,6椎间盘摘除植骨融合内固定术。术后入ICU给予预防感染及营养支持等治疗。术后第3天患者诉咽部不适、吞咽困难,无发热、咳喘等表现。血常规:白细胞数目15.57×109/L,中性粒细胞百分比89.7%。患者咽部不适、吞咽困难考虑与手术置入内固定物及术中对软组织牵拉等有关,继续观察。术后1周复查血常规正常,但仍觉咽部不适、吞咽困难,无发热、咳喘等表现,颈后及颈前手术切口完全愈合拆线,局部无红肿及渗出物。术后3周患者突发高热(39.5°C),咽痛、吞咽困难较前加重;咽部充血,颈部前后手术切口无红肿及压痛,四肢感觉较前有所恢复,双上肢肌力Ⅲ级,双下肢肌力Ⅳ级。颈椎X线片及CT:椎前软组织无肿胀及椎前气体影(图1c,1d,1e,1f)。胸部CT:双肺纹理增粗。血常规:白细胞9.01×109/L,中性粒细胞百分比83.3%,C-反应蛋白、血沉及尿常规无异常;血培养3次均阴性。给予静脉滴注美洛西林舒巴坦治疗1周仍无缓解。因患者严重咽痛及吞咽困难拒绝食道造影,食道镜检查提示食管黏膜有散在白色点状及片状斑块(图1g,1h),取活检确诊为食管念珠菌病。给予静脉滴注氟康唑首剂300mg,第2天起150mg/d口服(鼻饲)治疗20d,第4天体温恢复正常,咽痛及吞咽困难明显好转,第10天症状完全消失。服用2周后复查食道镜提示食管黏膜正常(图1i)。定期随访神经功能恢复正常,无咽部不适及吞咽困难等表现。

【讨论】

颈椎前路术后出现吞咽困难是比较常见的,常与患者性别、年龄、置入物性状、植骨融合方式及范围、术中对软组织的牵拉、全麻气管插管等诸多因素有关,常通过调理饮食及对症治疗后缓解。但当颈椎前路术后以高热、咽痛及吞咽困难为主要表现时,常使手术医生及患者都感到恐惧地想到是否发生了食管瘘或手术部位感染,因为二者都会导致灾难性的后果,临床治疗非常棘手。且在早期还未出现如切口红肿及渗液、食物残渣或液体自切口流出等典型临床表现时,临床鉴别也比较困难,手术医生常为之忐忑不安。本例患者在术后第3周出现高热、咽痛及吞咽困难,从起病时间上与并发食道瘘及早期手术部位感染相吻合,但患者颈部手术切口愈合良好,切口无红肿及渗液等感染表现,颈部CT及X线片检查未见椎前软组织肿胀及椎前气体影,多次复查血常规、C-反应蛋白等均正常,血培养阴性,更换抗生素治疗症状无缓解等提示是否诱发了机会致病菌感染,最初并无病原学证据,最后通过食道镜检确诊食管念珠菌病,经抗真菌治疗后治愈。结合本例患者诊治经过有如下体会:(1)对于颈椎前路术后出现以高热、咽痛及吞咽困难为主要表现的并发症时,手术医生应冷静面对,细心安抚患者,消除恐惧心理,密切观察切口愈合情况,切口周围有无红肿及局限性隆起等食道瘘及手术部位感染征象;密切监测血常规、C-反应蛋白等实验室指标。(2)在以高热为主要表现的病例中,通常细菌感染较为多见,真菌感染少见,应仔细分析诱发因素:本例患者颈椎外伤、颈椎手术创伤打击,入院给予大剂量激素冲击治疗,患者严重咽痛、吞咽困难无法进食营养供给不足等致使全身免疫力降低;患者反复高热,更换抗生素无缓解致使菌群失调,从而使机会致病菌繁殖,微生态失去平衡而诱发了真菌感染与文献报道相一致。(3)通过严密观察颈部手术切口愈合情况、相关实验室指标及影像学资料等不支持食道瘘及早期手术部位感染时应果断行食道镜检查寻找病因。文献报道食道真菌感染50%是由白色念珠菌引起,该菌为条件致病菌,通常存在于正常人的口腔、上呼吸道、胃肠道的黏膜上,只有在机体免疫力低下与宿主之间发生菌群紊乱时,才成为致病菌。食道镜下见食道黏膜有散在白色点状及片状斑块,与本例患者镜下所见一致,内镜下取白色斑片状假膜涂片及组织病理学检查方便、快捷、确诊可靠。明确致病菌,选择敏感抗真菌药物(氟康唑)治疗,方能获得良好临床疗效。总之,颈椎前路术后出现以高热、咽痛及吞咽困难为主要表现的并发症时,除了高度怀疑食道瘘及早期手术部位感染外,一些条件致病菌诱发的机会感染不可忽视,术后只有加强对患者营养补充,增强机体抵抗力,合理应用抗生素,才是减少此类感染的有效措施。

原始出处;

陈华燕,李威,张毅.颈椎前路术后并发食管念珠菌病1例[J].中国骨伤,2018,31(04):376-378.

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    2018-10-21 丁鹏鹏
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    2018-06-05 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-06-05 zhouqu_8
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    2018-06-03 13718711b3m

    学习了.获益匪浅.感谢分享

    0

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    2018-06-03 183****7028

    学习

    0

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    2018-06-03 邓启付

    微生态平衡失调也可导致真菌感染.

    0

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秋意渐浓,你的颈椎还好吗?

在冷空气的影响下,近日不少地方早晚寒意加重,秋意越来越浓。中医认为,颈部是人体阳气运输的主要通道上,且肌肉较少、血管丰富,是主要的生理支撑点。一旦颈部受寒,便可能引发血管的收缩和颈部肌肉痉挛,诱发颈椎病或让原有的颈椎病雪上加霜。 现在得颈椎病的人不在少数,这是因为脖子本身就很娇贵,再加上低头族越来越多,颈部的弯曲角度越大,颈椎承重也就越大。 颈椎病是一种比较复杂的颈段脊柱的综合