聊聊定性研究中的信息饱和

2018-09-30 褚红玲 赵一鸣 临床流行病学和循证医学

最近参加的有涉及到定性研究课题也好,学习班也好,总是碰到有小伙伴很好奇什么是信息饱和(Saturation),如何判断信息是否饱和。

最近参加的有涉及到定性研究课题也好,学习班也好,总是碰到有小伙伴很好奇什么是信息饱和(Saturation),如何判断信息是否饱和。

其实,小编自从接触定性研究到现在也8、9年的时间了,大大小小也参与了10多项定性研究的项目,但总觉得自己一直做得不够深入。所幸,小编还算抱有一颗小小好奇心,每次有定性研究相关的学习班都会去学习一下,边做边学。7月份的时候,有幸听了人民大学的潘绥铭老师团队讲定性研究的相关内容,小编受益匪浅,尤其是对信息饱和的理解,下面小编就班门弄斧的和大家聊一聊。

在我们常规的定量研究中是没有“信息饱和”这个说法的,我们常常更关注的是人群的代表性。而定性研究与定量调查在代表性上是有本质区别的,首先要明确究竟要去代表什么。定性研究希望代表的是与研究主题相关的所有潜在信息,而不是定量调查中总体中的个体。也就是说,定性调查所代表的是研究主题具备的差异性的相对穷尽以及对其质性特征的归纳,而不是定量调查中样本与总体之间人口社会特征分布的匹配。所以,在定性调查中,不是调查多少人才能达到量的要求,而是调查到多么全面、深入,调查到的信息多么丰富才足以反映出研究目标的质。

判断信息饱和的标准

那么,怎样才算信息饱和了呢?一般来说,信息是否饱和要从被访者和研究者两个角度来衡量。从被访者的角度,如果被访者已经把话说完,或者已经无可表述的相关内容,那么对于被访者,已经信息饱和了。从研究者的角度来说,如果研究者认为所获得的信息已经达到其对某一问题认知的两个极端,或者足够分析自己的研究目标,那么就是信息饱和了。

如何达到信息饱和

定性调查选择对象的理想状态是实现最大差异的信息饱和,即通过最大差异法选择研究对象,来比较快速的达到信息饱和。一般操作程序:

按照研究者的调查主题,确立对象选择的起点,选定第一人进行访谈

应用持续对比分析法(CCM)梳理从第一人得到的信息的指向与信息的充分程度;

根据梳理结果,衡量信息饱和程度,选择最可能(最大差异法)提供不同指向或者更加充分信息的第二人;

从第二人起,反复进行上述的梳理。如果信息仍未饱和,则继续调查第三人、第四人,依此类推;

在任何一个被访者那里,如果不再有新的信息,则理论上调查到此为止;

为了保险起见,研究者不妨再多访谈一个或者多个对象,如果确信再无新信息,即可终止调查;否则就继续调查下去。

说来也许有些空洞,如果大家对定性研究跃跃欲试,不妨从一些小的研究点开始尝试一下,在自己不断尝试和学习中,才能慢慢理解和掌握。

其实,定性研究看似简单,其理论、方法和技术内涵可不少。希望同行们多提建议多讨论。尤其是医学领域中从事定性研究的同行们,很多研究问题与社会学和人类学还是有很多区别的,咱们需要将定性研究这把剑通过不断的练习和磨练,内化为提高我们临床研究的利刃之一。

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    2018-12-07 jyzxjiangqin

    聊聊定性研究中的信息。

    0

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    2018-11-26 jyzxjiangqin

    聊聊定性研究中的信息饱和。

    0

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    2018-11-07 jyzxjiangqin

    聊聊定性研究中的信息饱和。

    0

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    2018-10-04 jyzxjiangqin

    聊聊定性研究中的信息饱和。

    0

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