特发性肺泡蛋白沉积症发病机制研究与治疗进展

2017-03-16 MedSci MedSci原创

肺泡蛋白沉积症(pulmonary alveolar proteinosis,PAP)是一种罕见的肺部疾病,主要病理生理基础是肺泡及细支气管腔内过碘酸雪夫(periodic acid-Schiff, PAS)染色阳性的表面活性蛋白及脂质的过量沉积。文献报道本病发病率为0.36~0.49/100万至3.7~6.2/100万,中位发病年龄为39岁,男女比例约2.1∶1[1,2]。PAP包括先天性、特发

肺泡蛋白沉积症(pulmonary alveolar proteinosis,PAP)是一种罕见的肺部疾病,主要病理生理基础是肺泡及细支气管腔内过碘酸雪夫(periodic acid-Schiff, PAS)染色阳性的表面活性蛋白及脂质的过量沉积。文献报道本病发病率为0.36~0.49/100万至3.7~6.2/100万,中位发病年龄为39岁,男女比例约2.1∶1。PAP包括先天性、特发性和继发性3种类型。约90%PAP患者血清中可检测到高滴度抗粒细胞-单核细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)自身抗体[3],称为特发性肺泡蛋白沉积症(idiopathic PAP, iPAP)或自身免疫性PAP(autoimmune PAP)。

iPAP患者常表现为呼吸困难,部分可合并爆裂音、杵状指和发绀,血清生化可见乳酸脱氢酶升高,肺功能主要表现为限制性通气功能障碍和弥散功能降低,几乎100%患者有高滴度抗GM-CSF IgG抗体。

胸部CT可见双侧弥漫肺累及,由广泛镶嵌状磨玻璃影和特征性的多边形小叶间隔增厚构成典型"铺路石"或"霜花"图案。大部分病灶边界清晰,呈"地图征"。相当比例患者未累及肺野外周部分,包括肋膈角、肺尖和胸膜下,称"窄透明带"。典型者BALF呈不透明牛奶样,静置后可出现沉淀和半透明上清液,离心后上清液呈无色透明,伴白色沉淀。BALF中包含磷脂和表面活性蛋白A、B和D,卵磷脂和磷脂酰甘油比例较低。细胞学检查及PAS染色对诊断十分必要。灌洗液中可见包含嗜酸颗粒的大泡沫状巨噬细胞,细胞外有PAS阳性、黏液卡红和阿尔新蓝染色阴性的均匀球状透明物质。TBLB或手术取得活检为诊断PAP的金标准。但由于PAP并非全肺累及,有可能会出现假阴性的结果。较为通用的评判疾病程度的方法是日本一项队列研究中提出的,依据"症状和PaO2"进行疾病严重度评分(disease severity score, DSS)。

目前认为其发病机制是机体产生针对GM-CSF的自身抗体,阻断了GM-CSF的功能。

原始出处:

高文君等,特发性肺泡蛋白沉积症发病机制研究与治疗进展,中华结核和呼吸杂志,2016,39(12):962-965



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