STM:针对大脑的免疫细胞可能有助于预防或治疗阿尔茨海默病

2021-12-14 brainnew神内神外 网络

研究结果可能会导致新的策略来阻止阿尔茨海默病的发展或减缓其进展。

 

 

根据威尔康奈尔医学院的科学家的一项新研究,与阿尔茨海默病有关的基因突变改变了该疾病患者的某些免疫细胞中的信号通路。该团队还发现,通过一种目前正在癌症临床试验中测试的药物阻断这一途径,可以在临床前模型中防止许多疾病的特征。研究结果可能会导致新的策略来阻止阿尔茨海默病的发展或减缓其进展。

 

 

威尔康奈尔医学院11月30日消息

 

这项研究发表在《科学转化医学》(Science Translational Medicine)杂志上,重点研究了中枢神经系统的免疫细胞小胶质细胞,当大脑出现问题时,小胶质细胞是最先做出反应的。研究已经确定了许多与阿尔茨海默病相关的基因变异,它们在小胶质细胞中高度表达,提供了令人信服的证据,这些细胞中的改变可能在疾病的发生和发展中发挥作用。

 

研究于2021年12月1日发表在《Science Translational Medicine》(最新影响因子:17.956)杂志上

 

小胶质细胞在健康条件下是大脑的守护者,但在疾病条件下可能会变得有害。我们的目标是确定它们如何变得有毒性并有助于阿尔茨海默病的发病机制,以及我们是否可以确定免疫调节剂,在不降低其正常保护功能的情况下逆转毒性。”资深作者 Li Gan 博士说,她是 Helen 和 Robert Appel  阿尔茨海默病研究所的主任,以及威尔康奈尔医学院(Weill Cornell Medicine)费尔家庭脑和心理研究所 Burton P. 和 Judith B. Resnick  神经退行性疾病杰出教授。

 

Li Gan 博士

 

阿尔茨海默病是衰老过程中最普遍的神经退行性疾病,全世界约有 4,600 万人受到影响。理论指出了一些潜在的原因,包括与年龄相关的大脑变化,以及遗传、环境和生活方式等因素。这导致大脑中有毒蛋白质的积累,根据最近的证据,加上免疫系统发生的变化导致神经元及其连接的丧失。

 

为了研究大脑的免疫细胞是如何导致阿尔茨海默病的,Gan 博士和她的同事首先建立了阿尔茨海默病患者大脑中单个小胶质细胞的分子指纹图谱,这些患者携带的 TREM2 基因突变显著增加了个体罹患阿尔茨海默病的风险。TREM2 是一种主要由脑内小胶质细胞表达的受体,除了其他功能外,它还通过一种名为AKT的酶发出信号,调节炎症和代谢

 

阿尔茨海默病小鼠模型小胶质细胞反应的单细胞RNA-seq分析使用实验药物MK2206消除了与疾病相关的小胶质细胞亚群(粉红色),并防止突触丢失(图中未示)。每个点表示一个小胶质细胞,不同的颜色表示不同的小胶质细胞状态

 

该团队随后通过结合两个品系建立了一个小鼠模型,一个品系携带与AD相关的 TREM2 基因突变,另一个品系表现出 tau 聚集,这是阿尔茨海默病大脑的主要病理标志物之一。突变的患者和小鼠都表现出与记忆有关的缺陷,他们的小胶质细胞表达出高水平的炎症分子,并表现出过度活跃的 AKT 信号传导途径。在小鼠中,用一种名为 MK-2206 的药物抑制 AKT ,可以逆转小胶质细胞的炎症特性,并保护其免受突触毒性(一种对大脑神经元的损害,是阿尔茨海默病的一个标志)。

 

重要的是,由于 AKT 信号传导也有助于许多类型癌症的发病机制, MK-2206 目前正在多个癌症临床试验中接受评估。因此,该药物的安全性已经在调查之中。

 

“我们发现了一种已经在癌症患者身上测试过的小分子化合物,它很容易进入大脑,强烈地调节大脑的免疫反应,并在阿尔茨海默病的动物模型中防止突触丢失,” Gan 博士说,“我们的发现为进一步研究这种化合物作为阿尔茨海默病的潜在疗法提供了支持。”

 

创办于1898年的威尔康奈尔医学院

 

参考文献

Source:Weill Cornell Medicine

Targeting the brain’s immune cells may help prevent or treat Alzheimer’s disease

Reference:

Faten A. Sayed et al, ADlinked R47H- TREM2 mutation induces diseaseenhancing microglial states via AKT hyperactivation, Science Translational Medicine (2021).

DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe3947

 

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    2022-05-15 gdsun
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    2021-12-18 SR~young海东

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