Pediatrics:性活跃青少年的年度性传播感染检测

2022-07-25 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

鉴于青少年中STI的高发病率、感染的严重后果(包括盆腔炎和不孕症), 以及衣原体筛查的成本效益,美国妇产科学院建议对青少年和年轻成年人进行某种程度的性传播感染筛查。

背景:据估计,15至24岁的年轻人每年感染一半的新发性传播感染(STI ),美国每4名性活跃的青少年女性中就有1名患有STI。鉴于青少年中STI的高发病率、感染的严重后果(包括盆腔炎和不孕症), 以及衣原体筛查的成本效益美国妇产科学院建议对青少年和年轻成年人进行某种程度的性传播感染筛查。例如,美国预防服务工作组建议对所有25岁以上性活跃的女性进行衣原体和淋病年度筛查。建议对与男性发生性行为的年轻男性至少进行衣原体、淋病和梅毒年度筛查。 包括每3至6个月对高危人群进行一次筛查。根据性传播感染的类型、个人风险和社区流行情况,建议对与女性发生性行为的年轻男性进行筛查。然而,对青少年进行性传播感染检测存在多种障碍,无论是作为常规筛查的一部分还是基于症状的检测。

青少年和年轻成年人历来较少使用医疗保健,部分原因是出于保密考虑,对筛查必要性的认识有限,以及后勤障碍(如交通和费用)。即使青少年进行了预防性就诊或接受了急性问题的护理,也可能会因为提供者的不适、临床就诊期间的时间限制以及对青少年性活动、舒适度的误解而错过性史记录和推荐筛查的机会。这些挑战可能导致年轻人年度性传播感染检测率较低,这在基于诊所的调查和医学主张的研究中已有报道。来自全国年轻人样本的性传播感染检测数据有限,且对人群水平的性传播感染检测流行率知之甚少,特别是在青少年中,对他们来说,某些障碍,如保密问题,可能更明显。现有的基于人群的研究表明,15-19岁人群的检测率低于他们的年轻同龄人。

目的:国家指南要求在特定的青少年人群中进行某些性传播感染(STI)的年度检测,然而我们关于青少年中STI检测流行率的基于人群的数据有限。随着2019年全国青少年风险行为调查中纳入一个新项目,我们提供了性活跃高中生年度性传播感染检测的概化估计。

方法:我们报告了过去12个月在性活跃的学生(n 5 2501)中STI检测(除HIV)的加权患病率估计值,以及检测和人口统计学特征(性别、年龄、种族和民族、性身份和性接触的性别)之间的双变量关联。按性别分层并根据人口统计学进行调整的多变量模型检验了检测和性行为之间的关系(初次性行为的年龄、性伴侣的数量、最后一次性交时未使用避孕套以及最后一次性交时使用药物)。

结果:五分之一(20.4%)性行为活跃的高中生报告在过去一年中进行了性传播感染测试。报告检测的女生比例(26.1%)明显高于男生(13.7%)。在女学生中,患病率因年龄而异(#15岁为12.6%,16岁为22.8%,17岁为28.5%,或18岁为36.9%)。对于男生来说,包括性别认同在内的人口统计学特征没有差异,但大多数性风险行为与STI检测的可能性增加相关(调整后的患病率范围为1.48-2.47)。

表1 2019年按性别分列的目前性活跃的美国高中生中除艾滋病毒检测以外的性传播感染检测的流行率

图1 2019年(n 5 1178)目前性活跃的美国男高中生中自我报告的性行为在过去12个月中的STI测试患病率。目前,性活跃被定义为在调查实施前的3个月内与至少1人发生过性行为的人。*x2检验P值< . 05。STI,性传播感染。

图2 2019年,目前性活跃的美国女高中生中,通过自我报告的性行为在过去12个月中进行STI测试的患病率(n 5 1301)。目前,性活跃被定义为在调查实施前的3个月内与至少1人发生过性行为的人。*x2检验P值< . 05。STI,性传播感染。

表2 2019年按性别分层的目前性活跃的美国高中生中性行为与除艾滋病毒检测以外的性传播感染检测之间的关联

结论:STI检测的低流行率表明对国家指南的依从性欠佳,特别是对于性活跃的青春期女性和与男性发生性行为的年轻男性,他们应该每年进行衣原体和淋病检测。

原文出处:  Liddon N,  Pampati S,  Dunville R,et al.Annual STI Testing Among Sexually Active Adolescents.Pediatrics 2022 05 01;149(5)

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据外媒报道,世界卫生组织(WHO)报告称,全球在对抗性传播疾病(STDs)方面缺乏进展,并警告说,约会应用软件使用量增加更让人们疏忽大意。报道称,全球每天有超过100万人患上性传播疾病(STD)或者性传播感染(STI),其中最令人担忧的是衣原体、淋病、滴虫病和梅毒等。世卫组织日前发布的一份报告说,“平均而言,全球25人中大约有1人感染至少一种性病病菌。”世卫组织人类生殖健康官员特奥多拉·维(Teo

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性传播感染是全球性的公共卫生问题,其中,沙眼衣原体(CT)感染与淋球菌(NG)感染导致的淋病是常见的两大性传播感染。据世界卫生组织(WHO)估计,每年约有1.31亿人感染CT,7800万人感染NG。[1]在我国,CT/NG感染呈上升态势,但由于其感染具有隐匿性,易被忽略而造成进一步传播,防控形势严峻。