EMI:台湾HIV感染者中性传播丙型肝炎病毒再感染:基因6型的新作用

2022-07-27 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

HIV

研究表明,DAAs实现了非常高的持续病毒学应答率(SVR),随后与降低全因死亡率、肝脏相关并发症和肝细胞癌相关。

景:近年来,直接作用抗病毒药物(DAAs)的发展彻底改变了急性和慢性丙型肝炎的治疗。DAAs比基于干扰素的治疗更耐受和有效。研究表明,DAAs实现了非常高的持续病毒学应答率(SVR),随后与降低全因死亡率、肝脏相关并发症和肝细胞癌相关。此外,DAAs的广泛使用还可以减少社区中丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的传播,并防止HCV感染。在英国,2020年的一项研究表明,自2015年流行病学高峰以来,HCV发病率下降了68%。同样,在该国,通过无限制地获得艾滋病咨询服务,男男性行为者(MSM)中的急性丙型肝炎病毒感染减少了51%。有了这些临床证据,世界卫生组织(世卫组织)现在正在推广HCV检测和DAA治疗,以在2030年前将病毒性肝炎的新发病例减少90%,将肝炎相关死亡减少65%。尽管DAAs有效,但控制和消除HCV仍然具有挑战性。2015年,世卫组织估计全球有7100万人患有慢性丙型肝炎,当年有170万例病例。2021年的全球估计显示,慢性丙型肝炎病例数仅略有减少,降至5800万,新感染病例数降至150万。在资源有限的情况下,获得检测和DAAs仍然是消除HCV的最大障碍。另一方面,在丙型肝炎病毒检测和艾滋病咨询服务普及的国家,调查人员观察到,在高危人群中成功清除丙型肝炎病毒后,丙型肝炎病毒再感染率很高。

对于艾滋病毒携带者(PLWH),许多流行病学研究表明,由于共同的风险因素,如共用针头、注射器和稀释剂或无保护的性接触,丙型肝炎病毒混合感染率很高[10]。在不同国家针对HIV阳性男男性接触者的临床研究中,获得SVR后HCV再感染率为1.9%至21.8%。主要临床指南现在建议定期检测HCV RNA,以监测高危人群中潜在的HCV再感染。因此,了解这些高危人群中丙型肝炎病毒再感染的流行病学应被视为实现世卫组织2030目标的消除丙型肝炎病毒计划的一个组成部分。

目的:在本研究中,我们旨在评估在艾滋病辅助治疗手段改善的时代丙型肝炎病毒再感染率,确定与丙型肝炎病毒再感染相关的因素,并描述这些丙型肝炎病毒再感染病例之间的遗传连锁。

方法:在这项研究中,在2018年1月至2021年6月期间通过DAAs实现HCV病毒清除的PLWH人被包括在内。2017年后获得HCV感染的PLWH人被归类为“近期感染组”,2017年前获得HCV感染的人被归类为“远程感染组”,并比较两组间HCV再感染的发生率。评估临床和行为特征,以确定与丙型肝炎病毒再感染相关的因素。

结论:共有284名PLWH被纳入研究:179名在近期感染组,105名在远期感染组。在中位数为2.32年的随访后(四分位数间距[IQR],0.13-3.94),HCV再感染的总发生率为5.8/100人-年随访(PYFU)。近期感染组的发病率明显高于远期感染组(9.8比0.4/100 PYFU,p < 0.001)。DAA治疗前主要的HCV基因型是基因型2 (31.0%)、1b (26.8%)和6(21.8%);然而,基因型6 (58.8%)在再次感染时占优势。低龄(每增加1岁调整优势比[aOR],0.95;95%可信区间为0.90–0.99),无安全套接受性肛交(aOR,14.5;95%可信区间为2.37-88.8),边缘效应为3.87;95%可信区间为1.14–13.1),以及近期梅毒(aOR为2.73;95% CI,1.26–5.91)与丙型肝炎病毒再感染相关。

图1 Kaplan-Meier估计显示了近期感染组和远期感染组在完成DAA治疗后丙型肝炎再感染的累积发生率。

表1丙型肝炎再感染相关因素的多变量分析。

图2 丙型肝炎病毒基因型分布的演变。缩写:GT,基因型;丙型肝炎病毒。

图3 在我们的队列中,使用NS5B基因序列对58例HCV基因型6感染进行系统发育分析(44例样本来自纳入本研究的HIV感染者,14例来自再次感染患者)。结果显示,在我们的队列中,HCV基因型6a的两个主要分支和少量基因型6n感染。来自注射毒品使用者(IDUs)和有再感染(再感染)的艾滋病毒携带者的HCV在相应的栏中标记为黑色。

结论:PLWH在2017年后感染丙型肝炎病毒,性传播丙型肝炎病毒再感染的风险显著增加。HCV基因型6再感染的优势表明在高危PLWH人群中可能存在聚集性HCV感染。

原文出处: Chen GJ,  Sun HY,  Chang SY,  et al.Sexually-transmitted hepatitis C virus reinfections among people living with HIV in Taiwan: the emerging role of genotype 6.Emerg Microbes Infect 2022 Dec;11(1)

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在艾滋病毒携带者或慢性丙型肝炎病毒携带者中,抑郁症的患病率为20-30%。据报道,在HIV-HCV共感染人群中,抑郁症的发病率甚至更高。

JAC:雌激素治疗对替诺福韦和恩曲他滨血浆药代动力学的影响

43.7%的TGW新诊断感染者在过去12个月内的艾滋病毒检测结果为阴性,这凸显了在该人群中获得有效预防策略的必要性。

Pediatrics:性活跃青少年的年度性传播感染检测

鉴于青少年中STI的高发病率、感染的严重后果(包括盆腔炎和不孕症), 以及衣原体筛查的成本效益,美国妇产科学院建议对青少年和年轻成年人进行某种程度的性传播感染筛查。

JAMA Netw Open:美国新诊断为HIV感染者中脑膜炎球菌疫苗接种率

感染艾滋病毒的人患脑膜炎球菌病的风险增加4.5%到12.9倍。