Cell:特别关注 滥用抗生素导致肠道菌群紊乱影响机体对疫苗的免疫反应

2019-09-06 BioArt BioArt

我们的肠道之中栖息着数以亿计的细菌,这个数目几乎是人体细胞的十倍。肠道菌群与宿主之间的关系是当今生物学研究的前沿热点之一,它可以影响宿主的代谢功能,肠道免疫功能,自身免疫病和过敏反应等引起的炎症,甚至通过“肠-脑轴”影响中枢神经系统。有报道指出,在自身免疫病和过敏的状况之下,诸多免疫治疗手段效果堪忧,包括疫苗研发领域的抗艾滋病毒疫苗和肿瘤免疫治疗领域的PD1抗体。

我们的肠道之中栖息着数以亿计的细菌,这个数目几乎是人体细胞的十倍。肠道菌群与宿主之间的关系是当今生物学研究的前沿热点之一,它可以影响宿主的代谢功能,肠道免疫功能,自身免疫病和过敏反应等引起的炎症,甚至通过“肠-脑轴”影响中枢神经系统。有报道指出,在自身免疫病和过敏的状况之下,诸多免疫治疗手段效果堪忧,包括疫苗研发领域的抗艾滋病毒疫苗和肿瘤免疫治疗领域的PD1抗体。

当然,这些结果通常都是来自于模式生物,比如小鼠中。肠道菌群对人体是否也如此重要仍旧不得而知。2019年9月5日,来自斯坦福大学的Bali Pulendran团队在Cell杂志上在线发表题为Antibiotics-Driven GutMicrobiome Perturbation Alters Immunity to Vaccines in Humans的文章,招募了22位身体健康,年龄阶段在18到45岁之间的志愿者,分为两组,分别给予抗生素和安慰剂,再接种流感疫苗。作者发现,服用抗生素所引起的肠道菌群紊乱,导致机体发生炎症反应和流感疫苗不良应答。

具体来讲,作者先随机给其中11位志愿者口服广谱抗生素5天(计为-3,-2,-1,0,1天)。采用的抗生素包括针对革兰氏阴性和阳性菌的新霉素(neomycin),针对革兰氏阳性菌的万果霉素(vancomycin)和针对厌氧菌的甲硝锉(metronidazole)。接下来,在口服抗生素3天后(第0天),注射流感疫苗。最后,在接下来一年中跟踪取样(计为1天到365天,样品包括粪便血液)。

首先,作者检测了抗生素对肠道菌群的影响。通过16S rRNA测序发现,口服抗生素组在第0天到第3天,肠道菌落数目达到最低值,比安慰剂组低3到4个数量级。之后,菌落数目又恢复正常水平。但值得注意的是,虽然菌落数目恢复,但菌群的丰富度和多样性却没有完全恢复。

接下来,作者研究了口服抗生素后,志愿者们对流感疫苗的响应是否发生变化。考虑到志愿者们之前可能接种过流感疫苗,体内残存大量抗体。于是,作者调整了方案,选取之前三年都没有接种疫苗,体内流感抗体含量极低的志愿者。结果发现,与安慰剂组相比,在180天和360天,抗生素组对N1H1 A型加州流感病毒的中和能力降低,并且,在7天,抗生素组的IgG1和IgA水平也远低于安慰剂组,而IgG1和IgA正是流感疫苗所诱导,且针对N1H1 A型流感病毒的抗体。

再下来,作者系统地研究了抗生素组-3天到7天血液细胞转录谱的变化。通过基因富集分析(GSEA),作者发现,接种流感疫苗后(1天到7天),两组志愿者的转录谱变化比较相似,都集中在对疫苗的响应上。而接种疫苗前(-3天到0天),两组区别就十分明显了。首先,在细胞水平,与对照组相比,树突状细胞活化基因发生富集。作者通过流式细胞术确认,树突状细胞比例在0天和1天显着增加,接下来恢复原状,这与肠道菌群的变化一致。其次,在分子水平,作者发现转录因子AP1和Nur发生活化,而这两组转录因子信号,与一系列炎性因子,包括IL-6,IL-8和CXCL2相关。

肠道菌群与食物消化代谢密切相关,比如消化分解长链的复杂碳水化合物,再比如合成人体必需的多种维生素。所以,接下来作者研究了服用抗生素是否可以改变人体的血液代谢组(Metabolome)。作者发现,与安慰剂组相比,抗生素组志愿者的血液代谢组的确发生了巨大变化,主要体现在胆酸代谢途径和色氨酸代谢途径上。作者用高效液相色谱的方法验证了这一结论,也就是,肠道菌群的主要作用是将肝脏所合成的一级胆酸(primary bile acid)修饰为二级胆酸(secondarybile acid),而作者发现,抗生素组的一级胆酸/二级胆酸比例明显高于安慰剂组,这也与肠道菌群的作用相吻合。

由上面的结果可以看出,肠道菌群紊乱改变了人体对流感疫苗的响应,改变了血液细胞转录谱,同时,也改变了血液代谢组,那么,这三者之间是否具有联系呢?作者发现,二级胆酸水平与AP1/Nur信号存在明显的负相关。石胆酸(Lithocholicacid,LCA)是人体主要的二级胆酸之一,也是胆酸受体TGR5最主要的激动剂。作者发现,抗生素组志愿者的石胆酸水平是安慰剂组的千分之一,与此同时,与AP1信号通路具有高度相关性。有报道指出,TGR5信号通路可以抑制NLRP3炎症小体的活化,而AP1信号与炎性因子的合成分泌密切相关,所以,作者推测,肠道菌群可以影响人体的炎症反应。与此同时,作者建立了胆酸途径与N1H1流感病毒对应的IgG1抗体响应之间的关系。作者发现,二者之间具有高度的负相关。

综上所述,服用抗生素所引起的肠道菌群紊乱导致了人体发生一系列反应,包括AP1/Nur炎症信号的活化,树突状细胞比例升高,血液代谢组变化,二级胆酸比例明显降低,最终导致了N1H1型流感病毒对应抗体响应不良。这也解释了疫苗无效的原因之一,也就是滥用抗生素。这份工作的亮点在于招募了22位健康志愿者进行实验,使得这些结果在科研临床都具有无可取代的意义。

原始出处:
ThomasHagan,MarioCortese,NadineRouphae,et al.Antibiotics-Driven Gut Microbiome Perturbation Alters Immunity to Vaccines in Humans.CELL.Volume 178, Issue 6, 5 September 2019, Pages 1313-1328.e13https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.010

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    2020-06-10 维他命
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2075856, encodeId=db4e20e585616, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=31ff880e277' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#菌群紊乱#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88072, encryptionId=31ff880e277, topicName=菌群紊乱)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ffd5416, createdName=bettycmoon, createdTime=Mon Oct 28 05:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961703, encodeId=cd8f1961e0380, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Wed Jun 10 07:30:00 CST 2020, time=2020-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2032251, encodeId=88b62032251d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aad081e40df' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道菌群紊乱#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81740, encryptionId=aad081e40df, topicName=肠道菌群紊乱)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=74808, createdName=quxin068, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 02:30:00 CST 2020, time=2020-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871417, encodeId=444318e141746, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Mon Nov 18 11:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1701588, encodeId=b65e1e01588d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bedc665998e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66599, encryptionId=bedc665998e, topicName=滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea1030383785, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Fri Mar 20 03:30:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1280198, encodeId=76db12801981e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2bbe289846f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫反应#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28984, encryptionId=2bbe289846f, topicName=免疫反应)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=827b160, createdName=cnxcy, createdTime=Sun Sep 08 00:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1392361, encodeId=dc6c139236126, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=223081e33b6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81733, encryptionId=223081e33b6, topicName=肠道菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aa292500107, createdName=1249897bm37(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Sep 08 00:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2075856, encodeId=db4e20e585616, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=31ff880e277' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#菌群紊乱#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88072, encryptionId=31ff880e277, topicName=菌群紊乱)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ffd5416, createdName=bettycmoon, createdTime=Mon Oct 28 05:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961703, encodeId=cd8f1961e0380, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Wed Jun 10 07:30:00 CST 2020, time=2020-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2032251, encodeId=88b62032251d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aad081e40df' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道菌群紊乱#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81740, encryptionId=aad081e40df, topicName=肠道菌群紊乱)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=74808, createdName=quxin068, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 02:30:00 CST 2020, time=2020-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871417, encodeId=444318e141746, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Mon Nov 18 11:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1701588, encodeId=b65e1e01588d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bedc665998e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66599, encryptionId=bedc665998e, topicName=滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea1030383785, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Fri Mar 20 03:30:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1280198, encodeId=76db12801981e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2bbe289846f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫反应#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28984, encryptionId=2bbe289846f, topicName=免疫反应)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=827b160, createdName=cnxcy, createdTime=Sun Sep 08 00:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1392361, encodeId=dc6c139236126, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=223081e33b6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81733, encryptionId=223081e33b6, topicName=肠道菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aa292500107, createdName=1249897bm37(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Sep 08 00:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-03-20 zchen
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2075856, encodeId=db4e20e585616, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=31ff880e277' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#菌群紊乱#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88072, encryptionId=31ff880e277, topicName=菌群紊乱)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ffd5416, createdName=bettycmoon, createdTime=Mon Oct 28 05:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961703, encodeId=cd8f1961e0380, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Wed Jun 10 07:30:00 CST 2020, time=2020-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2032251, encodeId=88b62032251d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aad081e40df' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道菌群紊乱#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81740, encryptionId=aad081e40df, topicName=肠道菌群紊乱)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=74808, createdName=quxin068, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 02:30:00 CST 2020, time=2020-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871417, encodeId=444318e141746, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Mon Nov 18 11:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1701588, encodeId=b65e1e01588d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bedc665998e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66599, encryptionId=bedc665998e, topicName=滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea1030383785, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Fri Mar 20 03:30:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1280198, encodeId=76db12801981e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2bbe289846f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫反应#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28984, encryptionId=2bbe289846f, topicName=免疫反应)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=827b160, createdName=cnxcy, createdTime=Sun Sep 08 00:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1392361, encodeId=dc6c139236126, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=223081e33b6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81733, encryptionId=223081e33b6, topicName=肠道菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aa292500107, createdName=1249897bm37(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Sep 08 00:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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