不典型肝细胞肝癌CT表现+病例详解,超全总结!

2018-12-24 杜若 医学界影像诊断与介入频道

13种不典型肝细胞肝癌,你get了吗?

肝癌:全球第五大常见肿瘤,肝癌在肿瘤相关死亡中,仅次于肺癌,位居第二。(以下肝癌均指肝细胞肝癌)

临床诊断相对困难,甲胎蛋白(AFP)有一定作用,但是有1/3的患者,AFP正常;

②影像可以提供足够的信息来诊断肝癌,甚至不需要活检;

③典型肝癌:动脉晚期(注射造影剂后约35s)明显强化,门静脉期及延时期洗脱,这种典型表现占60%;

④因此,影像诊断肝癌仍然存在一定的困难,尤其是一些不典型或者不常见的征象。

下文提要:不典型的肝癌影像表现总结

小的分化良好的肝癌、含有脂肪成分的肝癌、肝癌的囊性退变、肝癌破裂、纤维板层状肝癌、静脉侵犯、胆管癌栓、巨大的肝癌、和肝脓肿相似的肝癌、与其他恶性肿瘤同时存在、肝外转移、弥漫性肝癌、浸润性肝癌。

小的分化良好的肝癌

肝癌的典型影像表现的出现主要依赖肿瘤的大小和分化程度(表1、表2):

表1



表2




66岁男性,高分化肝癌,不典型CT表现,动脉期未见强化,门脉期呈稍低密度

含有脂肪成分的肝癌

脂肪变性在肝癌结节中并不少见,约有20%的肝癌结节中有脂肪变性。有研究证实较小的肝癌结节中的脂肪变性多于较大的肝癌结节,1-1.5cm结节中,脂肪变性的比例达到35%,脂肪变性的原因有研究认为可能和缺血有关系,这些发生脂肪变性的肝癌结节中通常存在血管发育不好;

肝癌结节中的脂肪成分,可以分为大泡性(macrovesicular )和小泡性(microvesicular ),CT对脂肪不敏感,MRI对脂肪敏感,有14%的肝癌结节内有小泡性脂肪变性;CT对大泡性脂肪变性的检出有作用,病灶内含有肉眼可见的脂肪时,与血管瘤和脂肪瘤鉴别有困难;

脂肪变性的分布可以是局灶性分布、弥漫性分布和地图状分布;在LI-RADS评价体系中,病灶中含有脂肪,是一个辅助诊断标准。
  

52岁男性肝右叶肝癌内脂肪脂肪变性;CT增强动脉晚期及门脉期(A和B)显示明显强化肿块,肿块内存在脂肪密度;磁共振T1加权像及反向位图像(C和D)显示肿块内脂肪信号;病理提示(E)病灶内气球样变及脂肪改变。

肝癌囊性退变

相比于肝脏囊腺瘤/癌、转移性肿瘤和胆管细胞癌,肝细胞肝癌的囊性退变十分罕见。囊性退变发生在肿瘤生长过快引起的内部坏死、肝癌治疗后,也有报道见于纤维板层状肝癌和上消化道大出血后,也有一些在非肝硬化患者中表现为囊性改变的肝癌结节的报道,这给诊断带来了更大的挑战。
 

57岁肝硬化男性,肝右叶动脉期强化结节,提示肝癌(A),上消化道大出血后,肝右叶肝癌结节出现囊性退变

肝癌破裂

肝癌破裂出血不常见,发生率在0.8%-1.1%。临床表现为右上腹疼痛,CT表现为肝脏周围积血、肝包膜下积血、腹腔积血、造影剂外溢等。

肝癌破裂的风险包括:巨大肿块合并数量多的新生血管、肿瘤突出于肝脏轮廓以外、门静脉癌栓,破裂也可能发生在外伤和经肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE术)后。
 

61岁男性,肝右叶肝癌,增强CT门脉期肝右叶低密度肿块、腹腔积液,外科证实肿瘤破裂,血性腹腔积液

纤维板层状肝癌

纤维板层状肝癌有严格的病理诊断,在原发性肝脏肿瘤中,比例少于1%。多见于青年人,常发生在无肝硬化背景患者,AFP通常正常。

影像表现通常表现为:边界清楚的巨大肿块,密度或信号不均,多数也呈动脉期强化,门静脉期洗脱征象,中心瘢痕和钙化可见,可发生肿瘤坏死和囊性退变。

15岁男性纤维板层状肝癌,肿瘤体积巨大,边界清楚,中央有瘢痕组织,病理可见肿瘤细胞分布在纤维背景上

肝癌肝静脉侵犯

肝癌的门脉侵犯(29%-56%)多见于肝静脉侵犯(12%-54%)。2014版LI-RADS将肝癌血管侵犯分为明确和可能两大类:明确血管侵犯表现为血管内肿瘤动脉期强化,静脉期呈低密度;可能血管侵犯包括静脉的梗阻和扩张、静脉内有动脉血管结构。


73岁男性肝癌患者,肝静脉、下腔静脉及右心房内肿瘤侵犯

肝癌胆管癌栓

肝癌的胆管癌栓很少见,多数表现为胆管内肿块,少数表现为胆管侵犯。
 

52岁男性肝癌患者,胆管内癌栓,表现为胆管内强化肿块

巨大肝癌

肿块>5cm为大的(large),肿块>10cm为巨大的(giant),肿块>20cm非常罕见。巨大肝癌因为肿瘤内的出血、坏死、脂肪变性和纤维组织而表现为混杂密度,有研究表明巨大肝癌形成完整的纤维包膜几率(33%-50%)要高于小肝癌,这也许是单个大肝癌在具有手术切除指征时,切除后远期疗效和较小的肝癌一致的原因。
 

59岁男性,25cm巨大肝癌

类似肝脓肿的肝癌

类似肝脓肿的肝癌少见,可能与肝癌内囊性退变有关,也可能是肝癌内脓肿形成,
既有肝脓肿表现的肝癌,也有肝癌表现的肝脓肿。


58岁男性,发热,白细胞增多,超声(A)显示肝右叶低回声肿块,CT(B)显示肝右叶低密度病灶,怀疑肝脓肿,病理(C)提示肝癌

肝癌合并其他种类

恶性肿瘤

最常见合并胆管细胞癌,肝癌合并胆管细胞癌存在的几率为1.0%-4.7%,原因不清,细胞遗传学研究表明肝癌合并胆管细胞癌和胆管细胞癌的染色体变化相似,而与肝细胞肝癌不同(3p和14p杂合性丢失)。影像表现病灶中既有肝细胞肝癌的特征,又存在胆管细胞癌的特征。

肝癌还可能合并肝脏淋巴瘤,表现包括淋巴结肿大、脾脏体积增大等,可能与病毒感染有关(如HCV)。
 

59岁乙肝病毒感染,肝右叶肝细胞肝癌合并胆管细胞癌,动脉期(A)肿块右侧份强化,静脉期(B)肿瘤持续呈稍低密度,延时期(C)肿瘤内稍有强化,病理(D)提示肝细胞肝癌和胆管细胞癌合并存在
 

56岁男性,肝右叶肝细胞肝癌合并中央型胆管细胞癌,动脉期(A)肝右后叶肝细胞肝癌明显强化(白箭)、肝内胆管扩张(箭头)、低密度胆管细胞癌(黑箭),延时期(B)显示胆管细胞癌病灶强化,肝细胞肝癌病灶洗脱
 

57岁男性,右肾周围及右肾血管周围软组织密度影(A),诊断为淋巴瘤;一年后(B),肝左叶静脉期假包膜强化病灶,病理提示肝细胞肝癌

肝癌肝外转移

治疗后的肝癌在5年内有15%可能发生转移,其中淋巴结转移占27%-42%,主要为胰周、肝周及腹膜后淋巴结。在肝癌远处转移中,最多为胸部(18%-60%)、骨(6%-39%)、肾上腺(8%-17%)。

弥漫性肝硬化结节样肝癌

无优势肿块,类似于肝硬化结节,表现为满肝弥漫分布小结节(20-1000个),大小多小于1cm。这种类型的肝癌结节多为高分化,增殖速度慢,肝移植后转移少。
  

65岁男性,肝脏内弥漫性分布结节状肝癌,无优势肿块,病理提示中度分化

浸润性肝癌

浸润性肝癌无明显肿块,无包膜,分化程度差,有8%-18%的肝癌可能表现为浸润性生长,很容易出现血管侵犯和转移。
 

58岁男性,浸润性肝癌,肝静脉、脐静脉受侵,广泛淋巴结转移和腹膜转移

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    2021-01-15 ms5000001123928157

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    2019-04-13 xjy02
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    2019-04-23 yaanren
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=916791, encodeId=f256916e91a3, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210115/afd818dd3b214c88b750db0d9d786131/8c3d54f0d4a44161ab657f4c151da996.jpg, createdBy=8d315452939, createdName=ms5000001123928157, createdTime=Fri Jan 15 08:46:59 CST 2021, time=2021-01-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1863414, encodeId=0cf018634141a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c0b68135561' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肝细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81355, encryptionId=c0b68135561, topicName=肝细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d59291, createdName=xjy02, createdTime=Sat Apr 13 08:01:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1898645, encodeId=63f618986457c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e5062028978' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不典型#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20289, encryptionId=e5062028978, topicName=不典型)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=102a153, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Tue Apr 23 04:01:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=356477, encodeId=ea433564e7dc, content=不典型肝细胞癌表现。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Dec 26 20:16:23 CST 2018, time=2018-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1595668, encodeId=e17f1595668af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ec7c5485b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CT表现#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5485, encryptionId=ec7c5485b0, topicName=CT表现)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=97b318291922, createdName=smallant2008, createdTime=Wed Dec 26 13:01:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=356378, encodeId=ba403563e834, content=学习知识谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Tue Dec 25 12:57:11 CST 2018, time=2018-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-12-26 jyzxjiangqin

    不典型肝细胞癌表现。

    0

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    2018-12-25 flysky120

    学习知识谢谢

    0

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