Nat Biotechnol:解开免疫谜题:iPSC未能在临床上修成正果的原因

2019-08-20 小通 生物通

许多年过去了,诱导多能干细胞(iPSCs)依然没有成为最初设想的临床技术……

许多年过去了,诱导多能干细胞(iPSCs)依然没有成为最初设想的临床技术……



2006年,科学家发现了一种将成熟细胞(例如成人皮肤细胞)“重编程”成干细胞的方法,原则上干细胞可以在体内产生任何组织或器官。许多人认为这种突破性技术进入临床,带来再生医学革命只是时间问题。

然而许多年过去了,诱导多能干细胞(iPSCs)依然没有成为最初设想的临床技术,而且让人惊讶的是,iPSC细胞移植经常引发排斥反应。因为从理论上说,同一患者既是来自这些诱导多能干细胞的供体,也是受体,那么这些细胞应该被免疫系统视为“自我”,不受传统移植的排斥问题困扰。

科学家们一直在努力理解为什么会发生这种排斥,最近加州大学旧金山分校移植和干细胞免疫生物学(TSI)实验室,以及美国NIH,斯坦福大学的研究人员合作,发现 adult-to-iPSC 这个转换过程会引发线粒体这一微小细胞结构中DNA的突变,这些突变引发免疫反应,导致小鼠和人类排斥iPSC。

这一研究发现公布在8月19日的Nature Biotechnology杂志上。

文章作者Tobias Deuse博士表示,“在再生医学领域,线粒体的作用在很大程度上被忽略,但我们实验室早期研究就发现它们可能会影响干细胞移植的结果。现在重要的是我们了解它们的作用,从而能够可靠地控制工程细胞,确保干细胞可以移植到患者体内而不会被排斥。”

线粒体被称为细胞的能量工程,几乎为地球上的每个生物过程提供燃料(没有线粒体的细菌是例外)。但线粒体的特殊之处还在于另一个原因:它们含有自己的基因组。

我们了解的人类基因组,一般是指存在于细胞核中基因组,含有超过20,000个蛋白质编码基因和30亿个DNA碱基。相比之下,人类线粒体基因组仅包含13个蛋白质编码基因和少于17,000个碱基。然而,在具有高能量需求的组织中,微小的线粒体基因组可能对细胞的总蛋白质意义重大。

“在工作负荷大的细胞中,如心肌细胞,细胞产生蛋白的mRNA分子中有三分之一来源于线粒体。这意味着单个线粒体突变带来的影响巨大,”文章的通讯作者Sonja Schrepfe说。

为了证明这种线粒体突变可以引发免疫反应,科学家用一种小鼠品系的核DNA和另一种小鼠的线粒体DNA创造了杂交干细胞。他们将这些细胞移植到具有相同核DNA,但其线粒体DNA在两个蛋白质编码基因中的单个碱基上不同的小鼠体内。移植后几天,他们从小鼠身上采集免疫细胞,让其接触各种线粒体蛋白片段。结果证明这些“外来”线粒体基因产生的蛋白会引发排斥反应。

目前还无法在人体内进行类似的实验,但科学家们设计出一种巧妙的解决方法。 “我们招募了肝脏和肾脏移植患者,并设计了利用捐赠者和受者线粒体DNA中天然序列差异的实验,”Deuse说。

与小鼠实验一样,研究人员分离了每个移植受体的免疫细胞,然后将细胞接触线粒体蛋白片段。结果相同:受体的免疫细胞仅由源自器官供体的“外来”线粒体蛋白质触发。

“在小鼠和人类中,即使一个线粒体突变也足以产生可识别的免疫反应,”Schrepfer说。

但仍有一个重要问题:iPSC衍生细胞的表现与肝细胞和肾细胞的表现方式相同吗?

Deuse表示,iPSC转换过程具有高度致突变性,并产生许多新的免疫激活线粒体突变。 “在正常的生理条件下,线粒体DNA比核DNA突变率高出10到20倍。将成体细胞转化为干细胞是一个更加苛严的过程,因此我们预计突变率会同样高或更高。”

此外,与细胞核不同,线粒体缺乏修复DNA的分子机制。而人体依靠免疫系统来发现和破坏产生不熟悉的线粒体蛋白的细胞 ,这是线粒体DNA发生突变的明显迹象。

“这项研究揭示了移植被排斥的可能新机制,在未来利用这种机制也许能开发更好的诊断和免疫抑制剂”。

但是,Deuse和Schrepfer说,iPSC移植并不是一定就此“game over”了,他们发现了一种让iPSC对免疫系统“隐形”的方法,这种技术可以确保iPSCs和其他干细胞线粒体突变不会被排斥。如果这种隐形斗篷无法生效,这一新的研究就表明临床医生可能需要在进行干细胞治疗之前仔细筛查线粒体突变。

“最重要的是,我们希望让人们意识到这种现象。仅仅因为iPSC来自你自己的细胞并不一定意味着它们不会诱导免疫反应,”Schrepfer说,“在iPSC生产过程中引入突变非常容易,因此在移植前对iPSC和治疗使用的干细胞产品进行线粒体突变筛选至关重要。”

原始出处:Tobias Deuse, Xiaomeng Hu, Sean Agbor-Enoh, et al. De novo mutations in mitochondrial DNA of iPSCs produce immunogenic neoepitopes in mice and humans. Nat Biotechnol. 19 August 2019

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    2020-04-01 shock_melon
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    2019-10-22 liye789132251
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    2020-05-11 cathymary
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    2019-11-28 一叶知秋
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    2019-08-22 chengjn
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    2019-08-22 gjsgj
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    2019-08-22 neurosurgeon

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角膜是我们眼睛的最外层,可将光折射到视网膜上。透明的角膜上皮由角膜缘干细胞(LSCs)再生,LSCs功能异常会导致LSCs缺陷病(LSCD)。从患者健康的眼睛中获得自体LSCs,通过体外扩增,然后移植到LSCs受损/缺陷的眼睛。研究人员研究人类诱导多能干细胞(hiPSC)分化成角膜缘上皮样细胞的潜能,作为双侧完全性LSCD患者进行自体干细胞治疗的来源。在分化的前九天,予以骨形成蛋白4(BMP4)、