Meta分析:联用维生素和矿物质能否治疗精神分裂症?

2017-02-17 佚名 生物探索

针对精神分裂症患者,在常规药物治疗的基础上早期联用高剂量/复合B组维生素或有助于改善总体症状,但研究异质性较高,仍有待进一步探索。抗氧化维生素(维生素C和E)及矿物质(锌和铬)的疗效证据不足,或无显着疗效。未来可开展针对维生素D的随机对照研究,以明确其治疗潜力。



目前,精神分裂症的药物及心理治疗仍存在诸多不尽如人意之处,如抗精神病药对阴性及认知症状的疗效有限,而心理治疗往往较为昂贵且资源有限。已有研究显示,联用特定维生素和矿物质或可为精神分裂症患者带来某些获益,其机制包括改善营养状态、降低氧化应激水平及调节神经通路等;然而,目前尚无针对精神分裂症探讨维生素及矿物质治疗效应的系统评价或荟萃分析。

一项2月16日在线发表于Psychological Medicine(影响因子 5.491)的系统综述及meta分析中,来自英国曼彻斯特大学等机构的研究者系统检索了2016年7月前多个主流学术数据库的研究,目标为所有探讨维生素和/或矿物质针对精神分裂症症状疗效的英文随机对照研究;这些研究比较了常规药物治疗+维生素/矿物质相比于常规药物治疗(+安慰剂)的疗效,直接比较保健品与抗精神病药的研究被排除在外。研究者使用随机效应meta分析计算了营养素相比于安慰剂疗效的标准化均数差(SMD)。

研究主要转归为总体精神症状,如各种临床量表的总分;次要转归指标为具体症状域,包括阳性、阴性及一般症状等。

主要结果

研究者从2217条题录中筛选出18项拥有独立样本的研究,来自以色列、美国、印度、中国、英国、伊朗和挪威,干预组和对照组分别为433和399人,平均年龄42.8岁,99.5%的受试者罹患精神分裂症/分裂情感性障碍;总体症状评估工具包括PANSS、BPRS和CGI。

▲ B组维生素

7项研究探讨了维生素B6、B9(叶酸)及B12的疗效。汇总结果显示,B组维生素可改善总体症状得分(g=0.51, 95% CI 0.01-1.01, p=0.047),但研究间异质性很高(Q=21.6, p<0.01, I2=72.3%)。采用意向分析的高质量研究(N=5, n=227)得到了类似结论,且效应值更高(g=0.734),但错失统计学意义(p=0.051, 95% CI 0.00-1.49),研究异质性仍很高;无发表偏倚的证据。

针对阳性症状(N=3,n=192)及阴性症状(N=4,n=220),B组维生素均无显着治疗效应(p=0.31,p=0.26)。

维生素B6对精神分裂症总体、阳性及阴性症状均无显着治疗效应。

4项研究探讨了叶酸的疗效。证据显示,单用叶酸2mg或叶酸2mg+维生素B12 400μg不能显着改善患者的PANSS总分、子量表得分及SANS等。然而,针对基线叶酸水平较低者,连续6月每天服用甲基叶酸15mg可显着改善整体症状。另外,复合维生素B(叶酸 2mg+B12 400μg+B6 25mg)治疗3个月可有效降低42名同型半胱氨酸升高的精神分裂症患者的PANSS总分(p = 0.019)。

肌醇一度被称为维生素B8。本项分析显示,每天使用6-12g肌醇并不能改善精神分裂症的总体症状。

亚组分析显示,在改善总体症状方面,B组维生素对于住院患者的疗效优于门诊患者。研究发表时间也与观察到的治疗效应有关:近年开展的研究中,B组维生素的疗效效应值较前降低(p=0.002)。此外,B组维生素的疗效还与患者的病程显着相关:当患者处于疾病早期、病程尚短时,B组维生素的治疗效应更为显着(p=0.001)。

▲ 其他补充剂

仅有单个研究显示,维生素C及锌或可减轻症状;但总体而言,抗氧化维生素(维生素C、维生素E)、膳食矿物质(锌、铬)均无显着疗效。

▲ 副作用

总体而言,精神分裂症患者使用上述膳食补充剂较为安全,无严重不良反应报告。

讨论

这是首项探讨联用维生素及矿物质针对精神分裂症患者疗效的meta分析。结果提示,在改善精神分裂症患者总体症状方面,抗氧化维生素、肌醇及矿物质与安慰剂无显着差异。汇总结果提示,B组维生素可能有效,但研究异质性很高,影响结果的外推性。

然而,基于现有证据,B组维生素仍最有潜力。尽管异质性较高,但使用较高剂量或复合维生素B的研究一致取得了阳性结果,而较低剂量者则提示无效。B组维生素发挥治疗效应的潜在机制可能为改善叶酸缺乏及高同型半胱氨酸血症,上述情况在精神分裂症患者中较为常见,可能损害躯体健康及大脑功能。对于存在营养素缺乏的患者而言,补充B组维生素可能具有更大的价值,但遗传因素也可能扮演着一定的角色;针对相关生物标记物的研究仍有待进行,以判断哪些患者最有可能从维生素补充治疗中获益。

本项研究的另一个重要启示是,B组维生素应尽早应用,其疗效与精神分裂症病程呈负相关。事实上,针对鱼油的研究也有类似发现:初发精神分裂症患者有效,而慢性患者无效。初次发作可能是联用营养素干预的理想时间,此时抗精神病药的疗效也相对较好,对功能康复的需求也更高。

特定抗氧化维生素或有助于改善精神分裂症患者的锥体外系反应,但本项分析未发现其针对精神症状的疗效。Meta回归分析显示,这些维生素在抗精神病药剂量较低的情况下相对有效,可能源于天花板效应:包括氯氮平在内的一些抗精神病药也具有抗氧化的性质,剂量较高时可阻碍维生素效应的发挥;但总体而言,这些抗氧化维生素的疗效有限。值得注意的是,一项研究显示,高剂量维生素C(1000mg/d)联用高剂量维生素E(544 IU/d)可能为带来负面效应,如精神症状的恶化。

总之,在药物治疗的基础上联用高剂量维生素B或有助于改善精神分裂症患者的一些症状,但研究异质性很高,其结果在很大程度上受到部分个体(如存在特定基因型或营养不良)的驱动,不一定能推广至所有个体。针对维生素C和锌的研究结果需要复制。另外,尽管有研究提示新生儿维生素D缺乏可能与日后罹患精神病相关,且初发精神病患者常存在维生素D缺乏,但尚无随机对照研究探讨维生素D针对精神症状的疗效,有待进一步探索。

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    2017-08-07 智智灵药
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    2017-07-11 一闲
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    2017-02-21 wei834766788

    !!!!!

    0

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    2017-02-20 卡圣

    长见识了

    0

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    2017-02-19 ylzr123

    如果临床应用的话,会给患者带来希望的。渴望推广,好文点赞了!

    0

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    2017-02-17 1e215994m54(暂无匿称)

    感谢分享一下

    0

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