Sci Transl Med:术后贴一片,复发转移靠边站!科学家发明“免疫凝胶”,或可大幅降低术后癌症复发转移风险

2018-04-08 姬亚茹 奇点网

对付恶性肿瘤,手术切除无疑是最主要的治疗方法,然而将肿瘤"一刀切"并非万全之策,无法清除的残留癌细胞”生根“后又会形成星火燎原之势。据悉,术后5年内有40%癌症患者复发,90%患者因此死亡。

对付恶性肿瘤,手术切除无疑是最主要的治疗方法,然而将肿瘤"一刀切"并非万全之策,无法清除的残留癌细胞”生根“后又会形成星火燎原之势。据悉,术后5年内有40%癌症患者复发,90%患者因此死亡。

近期,哈佛大学医学院Dana-Farber癌症研究所给我们带来了好消息,他们成功开发出一种生物可降解的免疫凝胶(含有先天免疫激动剂TLR7/8或STING-RR)解决了术后肿瘤复发和转移的难题。


免疫凝胶

将其放置在肿瘤切除后手术部位,三个月内可有效预防乳腺癌肺癌及黑色素瘤小鼠复发并消除肺转移灶,将不到10%存活率提高到近70%,研究成果发表在《科学转化医学》中。

癌症术后治疗面临的问题

此前有研究报道,术后伤口愈合对肿瘤复发和转移起到了推波助澜的作用,形成的免疫抑制微环境不仅帮助癌细胞转移、侵袭和增殖,还抑制了抗肿瘤免疫细胞活性,与此同时,免疫系统将大部分精力集中在愈合手术伤口,降低了对癌细胞的防范能力。

虽然临床上已有癌症免疫疗法来解决这一问题,但反应率有待提高,而且对于有乳腺癌来说,大多数治疗药物,甚至是免疫疗法效果甚微,那么有没有可能开发出一个适用人群范围更广的免疫疗法呢?

哈佛大学医学院的研究人员注意到,之前有研究显示,与全身给药相比,在肿瘤原发部位给药是一种安全有效的方法,既可以打破局部的免疫耐受,又能够产生全身抗肿瘤免疫,从而避免引发严重的不良反应。

据此,科学家们便萌生了一个想法:在肿瘤切除部位缓慢释放药物调节免疫抑制微环境,以达到预防肿瘤复发并消除转移的目的。

神奇的水凝胶

而使用透明质酸制作的水凝胶支架既可以达到缓慢释放药物的效果,又对人体无害(天然存在人体中),还能提高T细胞治疗的有效性。这种生物材料便成了科学家们的首选。

于是,研究人员制备了水凝胶支架并验证了它的稳定性和生物相容性,将水凝胶支架进行荧光标记后,放置在乳腺癌小鼠肿瘤切除部位,发现它可在5周内开始降解,12周内完全吸收。同时放置在非肿瘤小鼠中第12小时和15周后发现小鼠的植入部位没有异常。


水凝胶支架在乳腺癌切除小鼠模型中,5周内开始降解,12周内完全吸收

接着,研究人员进一步验证了水凝胶支架的释放特性。Cy7-CA是一种荧光团,其物理性质与本实验中使用的化合物R848非常相似。他们将该荧光团装载在溶液或水凝胶支架中,并放置在非肿瘤小鼠模型中发现,溶液中的荧光团2小时内信号丢失60%,而在水凝胶支架中24小时后才能检测到信号衰减, 在这段时间里水凝胶支架释放的荧光素信号比溶液中高3倍,明显延长了药物释放。

同时分析发现,水凝胶支架不会与抗体、细胞因子和小分子发生反应致其失活。

既然水凝胶支架稳定性良好且具有高度的生物相容性,又能延长药物的释放,但装载哪种药物能最有效地预防肿瘤的复发和转移呢?

水凝胶上的药

为此,研究人员将水凝胶装载几种免疫调节化合物如抗体(抗PD-1,抗CTLA-4),细胞因子(IL-15sa)和小分子物质(雷利度胺、塞来昔布、STING-RR和R848),并将其放置在乳腺癌小鼠肿瘤切除部位,每周检测肿瘤负荷。三个月后发现,水凝胶装载的STING-RR或R848(免疫凝胶)最有效地预防了肿瘤复发,并消除了肺转移灶。没有放置水凝胶小鼠存活率不到10%,而装载R848的水凝胶可使小鼠存活率达到70%以上。

这里简单介绍下STING-RR和R848,STING(干扰素基因刺激因子)激动剂STING-RR可刺激肿瘤部位的树突细胞产生干扰素β(IFN-β),启动T细胞引发抗肿瘤免疫应答;而R848是Toll样受体7/8激动剂,通过树突细胞诱导I型IFNs和共刺激分子的表达,通常被用作疫苗佐剂或作为病毒或肿瘤性皮肤病变的局部疗法。

为什么“免疫凝胶"会预防肿瘤复发并消除肺转移呢?研究人员对乳腺癌切除术后放置免疫凝胶的小鼠模型分析发现,脾脏和肺中NK细胞和树突细胞增多且被激活(表达了CD40和CD86以及MHCⅡ),增多的树突细胞诱导了强大的系统性抗肿瘤免疫反应(CD4+T细胞和CD8+T增多,中央记忆体数量增加)。因此,免疫凝胶延长释放先天性免疫激动剂,招募了大量的树突细胞,并将肿瘤抗原提呈给免疫细胞,增强了对癌细胞的免疫应答。

如果离开了水凝胶的环境,单独使用上面这两种先天免疫激动剂是否也能发挥同样的效果呢?研究人员比较了单独使用水凝胶、每周静脉注射、腹腔注射和局部注射药物后效果发现,这两种药物仅装载在水凝胶支架中才能显着改善小鼠的存活率。


与静脉注射、腹腔注射和局部注射相比,水凝胶装载R848和STING-RR显着提高了小鼠的存活率

同时,研究人员进一步发现,这种“免疫凝胶”在临床的实用性及安全性较强,它可在4℃的环境下保存一周,也不会对血液成分和肝肾功能产生影响。

适用于多种肿瘤

令人欣喜的是,这种“免疫凝胶”不仅在乳腺癌切除后小鼠模型中有效,在肺癌和黑色素瘤切除后小鼠模型中也可提高小鼠存活率,在肺癌模型中,免疫凝胶使小鼠近3个月存活率提高到70%左右,无免疫凝胶的小鼠存活率仅有近30%。


围手术期使用免疫凝胶显着延长肺癌小鼠存活率

哈佛大学医学院助理教授Michael Goldberg博士认为,“免疫凝胶”创造了一个促使免疫细胞长期攻击肿瘤的微环境,与目前的肿瘤免疫疗法相比,这种免疫凝胶适用的人群范围更广,任何实体瘤切除的手术患者都可能从中受益。

原始出处:Park, C.G., et al., Extended release of perioperative immunotherapy prevents tumor recurrence and eliminates metastases. Sci Transl Med, 2018. 10(433).

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    2019-03-14 bsmagic9140
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1813708, encodeId=b82e1813e0845, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f6319345919' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#转移风险#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=93459, encryptionId=f6319345919, topicName=转移风险)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=636e2500187, createdName=12498da4m32(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Oct 22 04:11:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2067329, encodeId=aec1206e329d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d0841e75535' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Transl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17755, encryptionId=d0841e75535, topicName=Transl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101173734/363C99735735B7F4CB11D5F78F580525/100, createdBy=aab22500211, createdName=ms3025846204744509, createdTime=Fri Jan 04 01:11:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1656978, encodeId=9faf16569e8d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3ca31e71903' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TRA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17719, encryptionId=3ca31e71903, topicName=TRA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=757b24868428, createdName=bsmagic9140, createdTime=Thu Mar 14 08:11:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1425298, encodeId=03ad1425298ba, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7eb6e134273' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症复发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71342, encryptionId=7eb6e134273, topicName=癌症复发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5fad3959854, createdName=lq0302, createdTime=Tue Apr 10 07:11:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1460959, encodeId=26e114609596d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=de4331310a4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#凝胶#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31310, encryptionId=de4331310a4, topicName=凝胶)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e09e6383467, createdName=lishizhe, createdTime=Tue Apr 10 07:11:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1608721, encodeId=ea1d1608e21d3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Tue Apr 10 07:11:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1813708, encodeId=b82e1813e0845, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f6319345919' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#转移风险#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=93459, encryptionId=f6319345919, topicName=转移风险)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=636e2500187, createdName=12498da4m32(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Oct 22 04:11:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2067329, encodeId=aec1206e329d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d0841e75535' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Transl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17755, encryptionId=d0841e75535, topicName=Transl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101173734/363C99735735B7F4CB11D5F78F580525/100, createdBy=aab22500211, createdName=ms3025846204744509, createdTime=Fri Jan 04 01:11:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1656978, encodeId=9faf16569e8d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3ca31e71903' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TRA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17719, encryptionId=3ca31e71903, topicName=TRA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=757b24868428, createdName=bsmagic9140, createdTime=Thu Mar 14 08:11:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1425298, encodeId=03ad1425298ba, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7eb6e134273' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症复发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71342, encryptionId=7eb6e134273, topicName=癌症复发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5fad3959854, createdName=lq0302, createdTime=Tue Apr 10 07:11:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1460959, encodeId=26e114609596d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=de4331310a4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#凝胶#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31310, encryptionId=de4331310a4, topicName=凝胶)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e09e6383467, createdName=lishizhe, createdTime=Tue Apr 10 07:11:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1608721, encodeId=ea1d1608e21d3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Tue Apr 10 07:11:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-10 lishizhe
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