Acta Neuropathol:缺乏维生素A易患阿尔茨海默氏症?不一定

2017-03-24 科学网/张文静 科学网/张文静

提起阿尔茨海默氏症,人们往往将其与老年痴呆相关联。这是因为阿尔茨海默氏症患者确实以65岁以上的老年人为主,而且在所有的老年痴呆人群中阿尔茨海默氏症占的比例相当大。但是该病真是从人的老年才开始吗?最近一项研究表明,阿尔茨海默氏症的“病根”可能在人出生前就落下了。 阿尔茨海默氏症源头可追溯到出生前 “已有的研究表明,人到了一定年龄,大脑中开始产生β淀粉样蛋白并形成富集,对大脑附近的神经元



提起阿尔茨海默氏症,人们往往将其与老年痴呆相关联。这是因为阿尔茨海默氏症患者确实以65岁以上的老年人为主,而且在所有的老年痴呆人群中阿尔茨海默氏症占的比例相当大。但是该病真是从人的老年才开始吗?最近一项研究表明,阿尔茨海默氏症的“病根”可能在人出生前就落下了。

阿尔茨海默氏症源头可追溯到出生前

“已有的研究表明,人到了一定年龄,大脑中开始产生β淀粉样蛋白并形成富集,对大脑附近的神经元造成损坏,这是导致阿尔茨海默氏症的主要原因。”重庆医科大学附属儿童医院教授李廷玉介绍说,然而,对于是什么导致β淀粉样蛋白在大脑中产生以及人在哪个年龄段埋下了阿尔茨海默氏症的“病根”,国际医学界却一直没有定论。

李廷玉的研究团队与加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学教授宋伟宏团队合作开展了一项研究,就维生素A营养对阿尔茨海默氏症患病风险的影响和机制组织了相关实验,并对阿尔茨海默氏症开始的时间进行了探讨。

研究团队对重庆市650名老人的认知状况做了调查。他们发现在维生素A轻度或重度缺乏的老年人群体中,有75%的人存在认知障碍的症状;而在维生素A摄入正常的老年人群体中,只有47%的人受到认知障碍的困扰。由此可见,维生素A摄入是否正常对老年人认知能力的影响差异显着。

那么,维生素A缺乏是如何引起阿尔茨海默氏症的呢?为此,研究人员从强生实验室购买了携带导致阿尔茨海默氏症基因的小鼠进行实验。

通过给这些小鼠喂食维生素A含量不同的食物,研究人员发现,这些小鼠无论在出生前还是出生后,如果经历了边缘性的维生素A缺乏,大脑都会出现因β淀粉样蛋白富集形成的斑块。而且出生前即遭遇边缘性维生素A缺乏的小鼠,在胚胎发育期间,β淀粉样蛋白斑块就损坏了附近的神经元,由此导致小鼠学习和认知缺陷更严重。

“我们的研究发现,在孕期即使是边缘性维生素A缺乏,也可增加阿尔茨海默氏症模型小鼠脑中β淀粉样蛋白的产生。”李廷玉教授说,这意味着维生素A在孕期对大脑的发育至关重要。

他们的这一成果刊登在神经学领域的著名期刊Acta Neuropathologica上。

应合理补充维生素A

对于那些在子宫内就经历维生素A缺乏的小鼠来说,其认知能力在出生后还可以补救吗?

通过对维生素A缺乏治疗方案的实验,研究人员发现,当在子宫内遭遇维生素A缺乏的小鼠出生一段时间之后,给它们食用维生素A正常的食物,它们的各项表现也比出生后才遭遇维生素A缺乏的小鼠差。这意味着仅仅喂食这些小鼠维生素A正常的食物,不足以让小鼠恢复学习和记忆能力。但如果让这些小鼠在出生后及时补充维生素A,还是可以挽回部分损伤的。这个治疗越早越好。

研究论文中还介绍说,这是研究人员第一次发现边缘性的维生素A缺乏会导致β淀粉样蛋白积累,最终损害认知能力的证据。

所谓边缘性的维生素A缺乏,是指随着生活水平提高,目前人们一种或多种维生素严重缺乏的情况已显着减少,取而代之的是较多的维生素轻度缺乏症,这种维生素缺乏一般没有典型的临床症状,所以称为边缘性维生素缺乏。边缘性维生素缺乏仍可导致机体的生理功能、新陈代谢异常,应予以重视,但又往往因无显着症状而被忽视。据世界卫生组织统计,全世界估计有2亿儿童和2000万孕妇存在不同程度的维生素A缺乏症。此次研究则强调了边缘性维生素A缺乏对阿尔茨海默氏症发病的显着影响。

当然,面对这个问题,李廷玉也表示,我们不必恐慌,不能一味地盲目补充维生素A,盲目补充维生素A可能会导致出生缺陷。一般居民只要按照《中国居民膳食指南》进食即可获得充足的维生素A,胡萝卜、绿叶蔬菜、红薯、奶类和肝脏等维生素A含量丰富,所以均衡饮食是保证充足营养和健康的最好方法。

毕竟,过量的维生素A也是有毒的。所以,大家还是应该在医生的指导下,合理地补充维生素A。另外,由于目前维生素A的代谢相关基因也比较清楚,人们可以通过合理的基因检测来帮助了解自己维生素A的代谢情况。

原始出处:
Zeng J, Chen L, Wang Z,et al. Marginal vitamin A deficiency facilitates Alzheimer's pathogenesis.Acta Neuropathol. 2017 Jan 27

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    2017-11-06 yb6560
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    2017-08-16 windight
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    2017-03-26 wwzzly
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