Frontiers社论:生物标志物革命——脑衰老标志物全新总结

2022-09-12 brainnew神内神外 brainnew神内神外

探索脑衰老的生理与病理界限

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 杂志于4月15日刊社论强调了脑衰老相关生物标志物研究的重要性。文章指出,当前除来源于脑脊液、外周血等体液的生物标志物,如外泌体、Aß肽和t-Tau等,神经影像学手段在神经退行性疾病的研究和实践中也发挥突出作用。

尽管年龄增长是认知能力下降的主要危险因素,但痴呆症并不是衰老的必然结果,百岁老人一直被视为健康衰老的典范,他们虽高寿,却得以保持正常的认知表现。为了促进健康的衰老并进一步延长无障碍生活年限(healthspan),有必要深入研究衰老的生物学机制并弄清其机理。在探索脑衰老的生理与病理界限过程中,当前的“生物标志物革命”在医学研究和实践领域方面发挥了重要作用。

1脑脊液生物标志物

AD研究中最典型的是脑脊液(CSF)来源的生物标志物。D'Anca等探索了外泌体在生理性衰老与AD、PD等神经退行性疾病中的作用。从外泌体及其可遗传物质(例如脂质,蛋白质,mRNA和ncRNA)的研究中认识到其双面作用,外泌体并不是单纯执行废物处理功能,它还是细胞间通讯的基本介质,发挥神经保护作用以防止发生神经变性。由于外泌体可以在多种体液中被检测到,因此更具备开发为用于临床实践的生物标志物的潜力。

2外周血生物标志物

通过前瞻性研究,Tay等检测了患有轻度认知障碍(MCI)和轻度至中度AD的成年人血清中Dickkopf-1(Dkk-1)的水平。结果显示,疾病进展者的Dkk-1较基线显着增加,而非进展者在1年后表现出递减的Dkk-1,这表明由Dkk-1拮抗作用导致的Wnt信号异常在MCI和AD进展中可能发挥了作用。

Sun等证明了cofilin 2的表达在AD患者和不同的AD模型(包括动物和细胞)中均显着增加,具有良好的区分能力,可以将AD与健康受试者区分开,并可以对AD与血管性痴呆进行鉴别诊断。

Lue等通过研究391名23-91岁的来自亚洲、美国和欧洲的认知正常受试者,分析了年龄与三种血浆AD核心生物标志物(Aß40,Aß42和t-Tau)之间的关系,提供了血浆中不同种类Aß和t-Tau的正常范围,并阐明了这些生物标志物之间从中年到老年的动态关系。

此外,Falconi等研究了从PD患者获得的人外周血单核细胞和6-羟基多巴胺诱导的PD小鼠模型的纹状体中腺苷A2A受体(A2ARs)基因的转录调控。他们报道了人类细胞和小鼠中A2AR mRNA表达和蛋白质水平增加,并伴随有组蛋白乙酰化和DNA甲基化,为将来的治疗性干预作出了铺垫。

3神经影像生物标志物

该文章的另一个突出主题是神经影像生物标志物(neuroimaging biomarker)的贡献。通过结合功能性磁共振成像的低频波动幅度(ALFF)的静态和时间动态检查,Wang、Li等人报道了MCI患者在工作记忆状态期间的背景网络变化(尤其是顶叶和颞叶),阐明了MCI患者工作记忆缺陷的神经机制。

Kobayashi等研究了路易体痴呆(DLB)是否遵循AD型轨迹,即淀粉样β在痴呆症发作之前已开始明显沉积。他们观察到REM睡眠行为障碍中的淀粉样蛋白处于低负荷,这是DLB的前驱症状,表明这种现象并不总是在DLB认知下降发作之前发生。此外,Wu、Geng等通过使用MRI体素分析来研究神经基质,结果提示在中国汉族人群的AD和MCI患者队列中,左前皮质和左下额回区域可能参与嗅觉处理。

该研究主题的其他论文阐明了错误折叠的蛋白质积累在神经退行性疾病中的作用,淀粉样β(Aβ)肽的细胞外蓄积是一个典型的例子。最近的一种神经影像学手段——[18F]-FMM,不仅能够追踪Aβ沉积,还能区分观察到的Aβ蓄积是自然衰老的特征还是AD相关的病理过程。[18F] -FMM PET成像可以追踪整个AD病程中Aβ沉积的纵向变化,类似于[11C] -PIB PET。值得注意的是,Aβ沉积的增加在整个AD病程中并不是恒定的,在痴呆前期沉积速度更快。

4总结

该社论综合论述了23篇对脑衰老生物标志物领域有重要贡献的文章,以期使读者得到更多启发和深入探索,为进一步研究更有效区分生理性与病理性脑衰老的生物标志物开辟道路。

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