Nature & Science:肠道细菌如何影响癌症风险和癌症治疗

2017-05-27 佚名 中国生物技术网

肠道菌群能够帮助确定我们的癌症风险,以及我们应对癌症治疗的反应方式。 每个人独特的肠道微生物都会持续地保持与免疫系统的交流。这确保了有益细菌能够在身体中良好地生长,而有害细菌和异物会被消灭掉。 因此,肠道微生物对于维持免疫系统处于最好的状态是至关重要的,只有这样免疫系统才能对抗各种疾病,小到流感,大到癌症。 研究人员目前正在探索,人体内独特的肠道细菌是如何影响癌症风险的,改变细菌的成分是否能

肠道菌群能够帮助确定我们的癌症风险,以及我们应对癌症治疗的反应方式。

每个人独特的肠道微生物都会持续地保持与免疫系统的交流。这确保了有益细菌能够在身体中良好地生长,而有害细菌和异物会被消灭掉。

因此,肠道微生物对于维持免疫系统处于最好的状态是至关重要的,只有这样免疫系统才能对抗各种疾病,小到流感,大到癌症。

研究人员目前正在探索,人体内独特的肠道细菌是如何影响癌症风险的,改变细菌的成分是否能够控制癌症的进程,并预测对治疗的反应。

肠道微生物

每个人的肠道微生物都是独特的,就像指纹一样。在生命最初的几年,肠道细菌可塑性是最强的,能够反应出出生时的因素。

比如,相比于顺产的婴儿,通过剖腹产出生的婴儿肠道中有益细菌的数量少,而有害细菌的数量多。

类似的情况也发生在配方奶喂养的婴儿和母乳喂养的婴儿身上。这表明,通过饮食接触到的细菌会影响早期生命中肠道微生物的成分。

我们不确定这些差异意味着什么。但是我们知道,通过剖腹产出生的婴儿,不但肠道细菌成分不同,也更容易患上过敏和免疫相关疾病,比如哮喘。

微生物和癌症风险

肠道和免疫系统紧密相关。肠道细菌能够控制免疫系统,免疫系统也能控制肠道细菌。研究表明,这种相互作用在影响癌症风险方面扮演了重要的角色。

缺少特定免疫分子(减缓免疫反应,被称为抗炎性细胞因子)的小鼠的肠道中有害细菌更多。这表明,健壮的免疫系统能够确保有害细菌在肠道中不会过度繁殖。

相比于体内有足够抗炎性细胞因子的小鼠,这些小鼠也更容易患肠癌。如果将缺少抗炎性细胞因子小鼠的粪便植入到正常小鼠体内,那么这些正常的小鼠患癌症的风险也会增加。

体内缺少抗炎性细胞因子小鼠的粪便中也有很多有害细菌。一旦将这些粪便转移至受体小鼠体内,这些新的有害细菌就会改变受体小鼠肠道微生物的成分。

研究表明,当受体小鼠体内建立了新的肠道微生物群时,它们患肠癌的风险就会增加。

最近的一项人体研究也得到了相同的结果。研究表明,长期使用抗生素会导致肠癌风险增加。

抗生素会扰乱肠道微生物的成分,就像缺少抗炎性细胞因子的小鼠那样,导致肠道中的有害细菌更多,从而增加肠癌风险。

微生物群和化疗

发表在《Nature》上的一项研究综述也指出,肠道微生物群在患者对化疗的反应方面扮演重要角色。这篇综述认为,肠道微生物群通过两种方式决定了化疗有有效性:通过激活化疗药物,以及通过与免疫系统互动。

这些机制在缺少一种肠道微生物的小鼠身上得到了最好的诠释。这些“无菌小鼠”在完全无菌的环境中生长。它们没有接触过外界的细菌,身体的任何部分也没有细菌。

研究表明,相比于正常小鼠,化疗对于无菌小鼠的效果更差,它们的肿瘤也生长得更快。

这可能是因为,很多化疗药物都会激发免疫反应,这种反应能够通过炎症过程来杀死肿瘤细菌。在该研究中,在化疗之后无菌小鼠肿瘤中的炎症标志物水平更低。

这表明,肠道细菌与免疫系统之间的交流对于癌症治疗是至关重要的。

很多化疗药物都是以非活性的形式投递到患者体内,之后这些药物会被肝脏中的特殊酶和肠道细菌激活。肝脏中的这种酶的含量决定有化疗杀死肿瘤细菌的效率。

无菌小鼠的肝脏中,去除化疗药物的酶含量更高。因此,它们能够很快地消除体内的化疗药物。这使得化疗药物杀灭癌细胞的时间更少,因此会影响治疗的效果。

但是这种影响能够通过移植正常小鼠肠道微生物的方式得到逆转。

相反,体内有害细菌过多的小鼠会过度激活一些化疗药物。尽管这会增加化疗药物杀死癌细胞的能力,但也会引起一起不必要的副作用,因为这些药物不能区分健康细胞和癌细胞。


肠道微生物和痢疾

化疗最常见的副作用是痢疾。化疗引起的痢疾是威胁生命的,因为它会导致人缺乏重要的营养物质,使人更容易患上严重的感染,甚至导致死亡。

类似癌症的进展和治疗,痢疾也与肠道微生物的变化有关。我们即将发表的研究发现,在化疗前肠道微生物的变化会导致痢疾恶化,从而加剧小鼠体重减少。

该研究通过人体试验得出了更多的证据,这些试验表明,在开始癌症治疗前患者粪便中肠道细菌的水平能够预测他们患痢疾的可能性。类似的结果在接受放疗的患者身上也有发现。

我们能改变什么?

该研究表明,可以通过改变肠道细菌成分来优化癌症治疗。比如通过粪便植入、益生菌,或者仅仅是通过改变饮食。

如果知道患者的风险所在,在化疗之前就采取措施,就能保证化疗反应和毒性之间的完美平衡。

目前正在澳大利亚阿德莱德进行的研究工作是为了确定影响化疗反应的特定细菌。一旦这个目标实现,就可以对降低风险的方法进行评估,并对患者使用。

原始出处:
1、Thaiss, C. A., Zmora, N., Levy, M., & Elinav, E. (2016). The microbiome and innate immunity. Nature.

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    2017-05-29 jichang
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    2017-05-28 穆慕仁真

    可以通过改变肠道细菌成分来优化癌症治疗

    0

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    2017-05-27 楠博One

    不要滥用抗生素

    0

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