缺血性心肌病易与其他心肌病混淆 如何鉴别诊断?

2017-10-26 佚名 环球医学

59岁男性患者,因半个月前无明显诱因出现胸闷、气短、伴咳嗽入院,由超声心电图确诊为冠心病、陈旧性心肌梗死、缺血性心肌病。缺血性心肌病如何与扩张型心肌病鉴别诊断?临床中漏诊误诊的原因有哪些?详见病例要点——

59岁男性患者,因半个月前无明显诱因出现胸闷、气短、伴咳嗽入院,由超声心电图确诊为冠心病、陈旧性心肌梗死、缺血性心肌病。缺血性心肌病如何与扩张型心肌病鉴别诊断临床中漏诊误诊的原因有哪些?详见病例要点——

病史和相关检查 患者,男性,59岁。半个月前无明显诱因出现胸闷、气短,活动耐量明显下降,气短夜间加重。平卧时有咳嗽,咯少量白色泡沫样痰。夜间有憋醒,坐起可缓解。3个月前无明显诱因出现胸骨后疼痛,持续约半天余。心电图示:Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、V4~V6异常Q波。

图2‐1‐178 左室长轴切面显示左心扩大,左室呈球形扩张

超声描述 左室下壁、后壁心肌变薄,约5mm,心肌回声增强,运动消失,其余节段心肌向心运动亦不同程度减弱,左心增大,左室略呈球形扩张,左室舒张末期内径63mm,左室泵血功能减低,左室EF32%。二尖瓣环扩张,探及中度二尖瓣反流。

超声诊断 左室下后壁心肌节段变薄、运动消失,其余节段运动减弱,符合缺血性心肌病改变,左室泵血功能减低,二尖瓣中度反流,提示乳头肌功能不全。

临床诊断 冠心病,陈旧性心肌梗死,缺血性心肌病,心功能3级。

【讨论】
缺血性心肌病是由冠心病导致的严重心肌功能障碍,由于短暂或长期的心肌缺血,导致心肌功能障碍,心肌大面积纤维化,心室扩张,临床表现为心力衰竭。


图2‐1‐179 左室短轴切面显示下后壁心肌明显变薄,回声增强

常见超声表现

二维超声表现为左室显着扩大,几何形变,可呈球形扩张(见图2‐1‐179),左室心肌节段变薄,回声明显增强,运动明显减弱或消失,室壁增厚率消失,并伴有左室壁普遍运动减弱和不协调,左室泵血功能明显减低(见图2‐1‐180),二尖瓣开放幅度减低。左室腔内血流速度常较缓慢,有时可见附壁血栓形成。

图2‐1‐180 M型超声显示左室后壁明显变薄,运动明显减弱甚至消失,前壁运动亦减弱

彩色和脉冲多普勒可探及多瓣口反流信号(图2‐1‐181)。连续多普勒测量舒张期二尖瓣血流E峰明显升高,A峰明显降低,E/A>2,EDT<140毫秒,提示左室充盈受限。连续多谱勒可探及三尖瓣反流速度加快,提示肺动脉压力升高。

图2‐1‐181 心尖四腔切面显示左室明显增大,彩色和脉冲多普勒探及二尖瓣中度反流信号(箭头)

鉴别诊断

扩张型心肌病 与缺血性心肌病同样表现为左心增大,左室呈球形扩张,左室收缩、舒张功能减低。不同点有:左室心肌无节段性变薄和回声增强,向心运动普遍减低。临床无冠心病病史,心电图和冠状动脉造影可帮助鉴别。

注意事项及误诊漏诊原因

缺血性心肌病多发生在慢性心肌缺血的病人,病程一般较长,伴有反复的心绞痛或心肌梗死病史,是冠心病终末的一种表现形式。多数病人常伴有明显的心肌功能障碍,对治疗不敏感。心脏超声检查时应注意评价室壁运动情况和运动协调性,并注意观察心腔内有无血栓形成。

原始出处:
《超声医学》作者:唐杰 姜玉新参编:姚克纯 尹立雪 赵博文 张梅 王建华页码:243-245出版:人民卫生出版社

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    2017-10-26 swfzhanggui

    超声应用越来越广泛.尤其是重症超声

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在冠状动脉疾病,心脏衰竭和严重左心室收缩功能不全患者中,与单纯药物治疗相比,将冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)加入到指南指导医学治疗方法中的生存获益仍不清楚。从2002年7月至2007年5月,共有1212例射血分数为35%或以下,患有冠状动脉疾病并可以接收CABG的患者被随机分配接受CABG加药物治疗(CABG组,610例)和单纯药物治疗(药物治疗组,602例)。主要结果是任何原因引起的死亡。主要次

JACC:缺血性心肌病:基质消融优于稳定VTs消融

导管消融减少缺血性心肌病和室性心动过速(VT)患者的VT复发和植入式心律转复除颤电击。最有效的导管消融技术是未知的。这项研究旨在确定在接受消融仅限于临床VT伴随可制图的VTs(“临床消融术”) vs 基质的消融患者的VT复发率。缺血性心肌病和血流动力学稳定的VT受试者被随机分配到接受临床消融(n=60) vs 针对疤痕“异常”电图(n=58)的基质消融。主要终点是复发的VT。次要终点包括围手术期并

JAMA:对缺血性心肌病患者使用干细胞及骨髓细胞疗法是安全的

芝加哥 – 迈阿密大学米勒医学院的Alan W. Heldman, M.D.及其同事开展了一项研究,旨在检查在罹患缺血性心肌病的病人中所做的经心内膜干细胞注射(TESI)自体间充质干细胞和骨髓单核细胞的安全性。 对缺血性心肌病的一种有效的促再生疗法将能解决许多病人的一个主要的未得到满足的需要。根据文章的背景资料,一个悬而未决的问题是,间充质干细胞是否有着类似的安全性及可能比骨髓单核细胞更大的功效

AHA2012年会:心肌干细胞输注促进梗死心肌再生

     在11月6日的美国心脏学会(AHA)2012科学年会上,美国一项有关干细胞输注治疗缺血性心肌病的试验(SCIPIO)引人注目,该试验研究了心肌干细胞(CSCs)而不是骨髓干细胞对心力衰竭患者的益处,而且初步结果令人振奋。   SCIPIO是一个随机开放标签的1期临床试验,研究对象为心肌梗死后左室射血分数(LVEF)<40%的心衰患者,使用c-KIT-阳性CSCs。细胞来源于患者

JAMA:经心肌注射自体间充质干细胞或骨髓单个核细胞治疗缺血性心肌病是安全的(TAC-HFT试验)

    最近基础研究和临床试验表明骨髓来源细胞提取成分,包括单个核骨髓细胞和间充质干细胞可以减轻急性心梗和慢性缺血性心肌病左室重塑。针对缺血性心肌病有效的抑制重塑、促进再生的治疗将会解决许多病人的主要问题。通过培养扩增的骨髓中的间充质干细胞,由于更强的分化能力,推测其可能可以形成异位组织或刺激肿瘤形成,但也拥有比骨髓单个核细胞更强的抗纤维化以及促进再生的能力。间充