世卫组织:无症状感染者、症状前感染者、血清流行率研究… 都意味着什么?

2020-04-01 世卫组织 世卫组织

在《世界卫生组织-中国2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)联合考察报告》中,中国分享了在密切接触者追踪过程中发现的无症状感染者的情况。

问:统计无症状感染者的难度有多大?

在疫情期间,多数国家会优先对有症状患者及其密切接触者进行检测,此时疫情防控工作的重点是检测、隔离、追踪与治疗。

无症状感染者无明显不适,故通常不会主动就医或要求检测。所以如无额外行动,无症状感染者往往是在对确诊病例的调查中、密切接触者追踪中、或是入境筛查检疫中发现的。

在《世界卫生组织-中国2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)联合考察报告》中,中国分享了在密切接触者追踪过程中发现的无症状感染者的情况。2020年3月31日中国宣布今后每日疫情通报中,有症状者与无症状感染者例数将被一并公布。

问:什么是血清流行率调查?

欲统计某地(省或市)人口的感染率(包括无症状者)通常有两种方法:一种是进行全人口检测,不过对大多数卫生行政部门都不太可行;另一种是通过血清流行率调查来推算。

一般认为,在新型病毒流行时,总体人口的血清阳性率在初期低得可以忽略不计,因为没有人接触过这种新病毒(或者无暴露机会),于是人体也无法产生相应的抗体。由此可知,若进行血清流行率调查,即从总体人口中抽取具有代表性的样本,检测样本个体的血液里是否存在2019新型冠状病毒感染后产生的抗体,那么所得结果就可用于推算感染的规模。在统计有症状的确诊病例以及为数不多的无症状感染者(通过密切接触者追踪、入境筛查检疫等环节检测发现)的基础上,加上血清流行率调查,即可进一步明确疫情当中无症状感染者的占比及其对疫情防控的意义、病毒传播特点以及疫情最终产生的群体免疫情况。

3月17日,世卫组织公布了《COVID-19病毒感染基于人群并按年龄分层的血清流行病学调查方案》,旨在指导成员国如何在2019冠状病毒病疫情中对总体人口按年龄层进行血清流行率调查,英文版请扫描下方二维码下载,中文版将在近期推出。

问:血清流行率研究有什么意义?

血清流行率研究的结果可以帮助研究人员回答有关新型病毒的很多问题,包括提供以下信息:

感染范围 – 可以为防控指南的制定提供信息

传播机制 – 可以帮助我们了解无症状感染的百分比病死率 – 可以帮助我们了解风险和严重程度

问:无症状感染者是否参与病毒传播?

研究人员正在研究患者出现症状前的传染性。《世界卫生组织-中国2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)联合考察报告》中有报告一些中国病毒传播的初步数据;新加坡和德国的数据显示[2],2019冠状病毒病症状前感染者可在症状出现前24-48小时传播病毒,病毒的传播可持续到症状出现后3-4周。

我们还需要更多更有力的证据,包括进行系统性的样本采集,才能更好地了解患者从什么时候开始传播病毒以及将持续传播多长时间。

问:无症状感染者和症状前感染者有何区别?

无症状感染者不会出现症状,因而通常不会去检测或就医。症状前感染者则在感染病毒后,最终出现症状。

某些媒体所称的无症状感染者实际上后来出现了症状,这些感染者有时被称为症状前感染者。不同国家的政府采用的术语和定义可能不同;媒体最好能明确报告中所用的病例定义,以避免混淆。

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    2020-11-02 lixiaol
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