Cell Reprots:MIT大神科学家蔡理慧在神经修复领域取得新突破,有望找回阿尔兹海默病患者失去的记忆

2017-08-13 朱爽爽 奇点网

记忆是人类适应其生存环境所需要的最基本能力,也是人们最宝贵的财富。然而,每年有许许多多的人因为阿尔兹海默病(AD)或者意外事故而丧失记忆,对患者以及家人造成了严重的影响。那么有没有办法帮助这些人恢复丧失的记忆呢?

记忆是人类适应其生存环境所需要的最基本能力,也是人们最宝贵的财富。然而,每年有许许多多的人因为阿尔兹海默病(AD)或者意外事故而丧失记忆,对患者以及家人造成了严重的影响。那么有没有办法帮助这些人恢复丧失的记忆呢?

近日,来自麻省理工学院Picower学习与记忆研究所所长蔡理慧(Li-Huei Tsai)博士(就是上次成功用LED灯改善了小鼠阿尔兹海默病症状的MIT大牛)的研究团队发现了一种有希望的方法。他们通过特异性阻断大脑中的组蛋白去乙酰化酶2(HDAC2)与转录因子Sp3的结合,成功的在神经受损记忆丧失的小鼠脑内,重新建立了突触连接恢复了小鼠的记忆和认知,并且不会产生副作用。这一发现发表在《细胞报告》杂志上。


Tsai博士

很早之前,蔡教授就曾想过一个问题,人类记忆的丧失,到底是简单的记忆丢失或者只是因为人类的神经或突触受损,导致记忆无法被读取。如果是后者,那么通过重建患者脑部的神经网络也许可以帮助他们找回丢失的记忆。

而在2003年,意外的一个案例让蔡教授找到了灵感。一名因车祸丧失意识近20年的男性,在经过长期康复训练后重新获得了记忆与运动以及认知能力。随后医生发现,该男子在车祸中被切断的神经又重新建立的微小新神经网络连接起来了。这也意味着,重建神经网络可能也有助于恢复人类丧失的记忆。

随后蔡教授开始寻找可以帮助记忆丧失患者重塑神经网络的方法。终于,在2007年的时候,蔡教授发现,模拟AD患者脑萎缩的基因工程小鼠在注射组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)抑制剂后,成功地恢复了小鼠丧失的记忆。表现为,小鼠成功的完成了在脑萎缩之前接受的任务训练,包括迷宫以及其他任务。这一发现发表在当年4月份的《自然》杂志上。

然而,在实验过程中,蔡教授发现了一个很严重的问题,HDAC抑制剂虽然可以帮助神经损伤小鼠恢复突触连接,但是同时也会造成很严重的副作用。之后,有学者对HDAC做了系统的研究发现,改变HDAC的功能可以导致许多病理状态,包括癌症,心血管疾病和各种形式的神经功能障碍。

所以为了改善HDAC抑制剂的副作用,蔡教授开始了本次研究。此前,已有学者发现,人体内的HDAC存在着多种亚型,其中HDAC2与哺乳动物神经系统结构和功能的重塑密切相关(5),HDAC2通过将组蛋白去乙酰化,抑制DNA和核小体的解离,从而达到抑制相基因表达的效果。同时,敲除HDAC2基因同样可以促进突触基因的表达,显着恢复小鼠的记忆和认知功能。此外,人们还发现,HDAC2水平在AD患者以及AD小鼠大脑内都有明显升高。

但是,由于HDAC酶系的结构具有很强的相似性,目前还没有人开发出特异性的HDAC2抑制剂。除此之外,HDAC2本身还具有复杂的功能,不仅仅只参与突触形成的调节,HDAC2蛋白不同的结构区域还可以与其他不同的转录因子结合形成染色体结合复合物,调节其他信号通路。这也意味着,要想特异性修复受损的神经而不引起其他副作用,蔡教授需要找到与HDAC2特异性结合的参与突触形成调节的转录因子,并抑制它们结合。


正常大脑与AD患者萎缩的大脑

为此,蔡教授使用加权基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA)从187位健康人类死后公开的脑部基因表达数据,确定了可能与HDAC2协同工作的2282个基因。随后通过基因本体分析以及成对相关性分析,最终发现了22个候选基因。包括已经发现的编码DNA结合蛋白的基因,如Sp3,Tdp2,Sap30等等。

由于HDAC2在体内并不能直接结合DNA,因此蔡教授将注意力集中在可以结合DNA的蛋白质(Sp3,Sap30和Tdp2)上。通过将短发夹RNA(shRNA),分别抑制HDAC2,Sp3,Sao30以及Tdp2基因在小鼠体内的表达,蔡教授发现,抑制HDAC2和Sp3都可以增加小鼠原代神经元的突触兴奋性,而抑制Sap30以及Tdap2没有引起突触变化。也就是说,负责与HDAC2结合调节突触相关基因表达的转录因子很有可能就是Sp3。

为了进一步确定这一点,蔡教授将对照组,HDAC2或者Sp3短发夹RNA转导的小鼠原代神经元进行转录组学分析。发现,抑制HDAC2或者Sp3引起的基因统计学变化显着重叠,表明它们在功能上是相似的,并且这些变化的基因与突触形成以及神经元活性密切相关。


HDAC2与Sp3结合抑制核小体与DNA的解离,抑制转录因子与DNA结合,从而抑制突触相关基因的表达

随后,蔡教授还对比了HDAC2以及Sp3基因敲除的小鼠与AD模型小鼠的基因表达区别。发现,HDAC2以及Sp3基因敲除后小鼠神经细胞上调的基因,与AD小鼠神经细胞下调的基因显着重叠。

具体来说,突触相关基因在AD小鼠体内表达下调了,并被HDAC2和Sp3负调节。同时,研究人员还使用了染色质免疫沉淀与定量多聚酶链反应(ChIP-qPCR)确定,Sp3的确可以将HDAC2募集到突触相关基因启动子附近共同调控突触相关基因的表达。

而且,不仅AD小鼠脑内的HDAC2和Sp3水平含量升高了,通过对13名健康人以及10名AD患者的脑部海马神经元的基因表达数据进行了系统的分析,Tsai博士发现,AD患者脑部的HDAC2以及Sp3基因表达同样被显着提高了,而与突触功能相关的基因也被显着下调了。

最后,蔡教授还找到了修复AD小鼠受损神经的方法。通过改造小鼠大脑的神经元,使其表达特异性阻断HDAC2与Sp3结合蛋白质或者往小鼠脑内注射靶向Sp3的短发夹RNA,可以使p25转基因诱导的严重受损的小鼠海马Schaffer侧支回路恢复正常,并且,不会产生干扰正常细胞增殖等一系列副作用 。

总的来说,这一发现无疑是振奋人心的。因为蔡教授的发现表明,即使大脑中已有大量的神经元受损,重塑神经网络仍旧能够找回“丢失”的记忆。这也意味着,即使在痴呆症的晚期阶段,认知功能以及记忆也可以得到恢复。除此之外,其他一些涉及HDAC2水平升高的疾病,例如创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)也可能从这一发现中获益。
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    2017-11-13 维他命
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    2017-11-24 zxxiang
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createdName=zxxiang, createdTime=Fri Nov 24 16:07:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1900830, encodeId=0c1e1900830e6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5f9b119599d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MIT#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11959, encryptionId=5f9b119599d, topicName=MIT)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=872f168, createdName=gracezdd, createdTime=Tue May 08 00:07:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317578, encodeId=760a31e57826, content=学习了.谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue May 22 18:37:07 CST 2018, time=2018-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1811529, encodeId=72fe181152913, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dd6c88404b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#蔡理慧#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88404, encryptionId=dd6c88404b3, topicName=蔡理慧)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cdcd18, createdName=bshuang, createdTime=Sat Mar 10 05:07:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1870114, encodeId=d01a18e011490, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sat Dec 02 02:07:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=239379, encodeId=1f782393e986, content=好文章学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/01/a422505c84c5bd7df245dee314debefc.jpg, createdBy=31332101574, createdName=kalery, createdTime=Fri Sep 01 17:56:51 CST 2017, time=2017-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1402726, encodeId=8ff31402e264c, content=<a 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status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=233493, encodeId=40be23349357, content=找回失去的记忆,的确是一个有挑战性的领域。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/C3426ED027FF661B0C576A5B3127C2E8/40, createdBy=39dc1706090, createdName=QQ25ed180f, createdTime=Mon Aug 14 14:59:13 CST 2017, time=2017-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-08 gracezdd
  4. 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status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=233493, encodeId=40be23349357, content=找回失去的记忆,的确是一个有挑战性的领域。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/C3426ED027FF661B0C576A5B3127C2E8/40, createdBy=39dc1706090, createdName=QQ25ed180f, createdTime=Mon Aug 14 14:59:13 CST 2017, time=2017-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-22 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了.谢谢作者分享!

    0

  5. 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status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=233493, encodeId=40be23349357, content=找回失去的记忆,的确是一个有挑战性的领域。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/C3426ED027FF661B0C576A5B3127C2E8/40, createdBy=39dc1706090, createdName=QQ25ed180f, createdTime=Mon Aug 14 14:59:13 CST 2017, time=2017-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-10 bshuang
  6. 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  7. 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href='/topic/show?id=60ca9e761ce' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔兹海默#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97761, encryptionId=60ca9e761ce, topicName=阿尔兹海默)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=be952422716, createdName=habb, createdTime=Tue Aug 15 13:07:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1601910, encodeId=e3361601910d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2f801469e57' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PRO#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14697, encryptionId=2f801469e57, topicName=PRO)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a60b18898917, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Tue Aug 15 13:07:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=233493, encodeId=40be23349357, content=找回失去的记忆,的确是一个有挑战性的领域。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/C3426ED027FF661B0C576A5B3127C2E8/40, createdBy=39dc1706090, createdName=QQ25ed180f, createdTime=Mon Aug 14 14:59:13 CST 2017, time=2017-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-09-01 kalery

    好文章学习了

    0

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status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=233493, encodeId=40be23349357, content=找回失去的记忆,的确是一个有挑战性的领域。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/C3426ED027FF661B0C576A5B3127C2E8/40, createdBy=39dc1706090, createdName=QQ25ed180f, createdTime=Mon Aug 14 14:59:13 CST 2017, time=2017-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-15 sunylz
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status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=233493, encodeId=40be23349357, content=找回失去的记忆,的确是一个有挑战性的领域。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/C3426ED027FF661B0C576A5B3127C2E8/40, createdBy=39dc1706090, createdName=QQ25ed180f, createdTime=Mon Aug 14 14:59:13 CST 2017, time=2017-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-14 QQ25ed180f

    找回失去的记忆,的确是一个有挑战性的领域。

    0

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