如何克服国外描述细菌耐药程度的术语给临床医生带来的混乱

2015-12-28 刘又宁 《中华医学杂志》

随着细菌耐药的快速发展,微生物学界用来描述耐药程度的术语也越来越多,越来越复杂,但是某些术语缺少国际统一的定义与判定标准,同一术语在不同作者与不同论文中所表达的含义也有较大差别。 一、相关术语定义的沿革 多药耐药(multidrug resistant,MDR)最早是在2000年见于美国和欧洲的医学杂志,一般是指对3类或3类以上不同抗菌药物中各有1种或1种以上不敏感的细菌。 广泛耐药(e

随着细菌耐药的快速发展,微生物学界用来描述耐药程度的术语也越来越多,越来越复杂,但是某些术语缺少国际统一的定义与判定标准,同一术语在不同作者与不同论文中所表达的含义也有较大差别。

一、相关术语定义的沿革

多药耐药(multidrug resistant,MDR)最早是在2000年见于美国和欧洲的医学杂志,一般是指对3类或3类以上不同抗菌药物中各有1种或1种以上不敏感的细菌。

广泛耐药(extensively drug resistance,XDR)则曾有多种意义与表达方法,早在1990年在文献中Extreme Drug Resistance最先用来描述肿瘤细胞在体外对多种化疗药物不敏感,接着在2006年,Extreme Drug Resistance又用来描述多耐药的结核分枝杆菌,其后才用来描述革兰阴性杆菌的耐药程度。Extensively与Extreme在XDR都用"X"来表达,但含义大不相同。Paterson和Doi等建议将只对所有β–内酰胺及喹诺酮耐药的革兰阴性菌称为全耐药(pandrug resistant,PDR),而却将除上述药物外对氨基糖苷类、替加环素、多黏菌素也耐药的革兰阴性菌称为XDR。可见,如只提XDR,曾有两种概念,一种耐药比PDR更严重,另一种耐药程度远低于PDR。

至于现今广泛使用的PDR概念,最早出现在2003年的医学杂志,其中有数篇来自台湾,但不同作者的PDR含义却各不相同,多数并不是指全耐药而是指只对多黏菌素敏感的革兰阴性杆菌,但几乎都没有提到替加环素和舒巴坦的药敏试验结果。应当强调的是英文的"Pan"只有"泛"的意思,在大多数英文文献的医学术语中Pan也指"泛",只有在古希腊语中Pan才有全部、所有(all、whole)的含义。按着中国人对英文的理解,Extreme一定比Pan的耐药程度更大,再说只对某一类抗菌药中的一二种不敏感,就说对这类抗生素"全不敏感",也不够科学。何况抗生素的类别划分法也不尽相同,新机制、新品种的抗生素也会不断产生,现有的定义很快将落后,此时的"Pan"就将成为彼时的"X"甚至是"M",所以,笔者认为相对于MDR与XDR而言,PDR意义更为含糊,临床应用价值更小,概念本身就有些荒唐。

二、MDR、XDR、PDR是指获得性耐药,曾只用于革兰阴性杆菌

固有、天然、非获得性耐药,如嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌耐碳青酶烯类,铜绿假单胞菌耐替加环素,并不包括在MDR、XDR、PDR范畴内是不言而喻的。早期的定义也不用来表达革兰阳性菌,只是近几年才有专家将这些概念扩展到革兰阳性细菌,并建立了较为详尽的判定标准。

近年,来自不同国家的临床微生物专家们建议葡萄球菌属只要耐甲氧西林(MRSA)就可称为MDR,而XDR与PDR则分别指对临床较常用的17类药物中15类或全部不敏感的细菌(每类中的一种或一种以上)。而对于肠球菌属则列出11类抗感染药,对其中3类或3类以上不敏感的称MDR,9类或9类以上不敏感的称XDR,全不敏感的称PDR。

笔者认为,虽然微生物专家几乎"绞尽脑汁"力求制定出严格、准确的划分标准,但仍不可能"天衣无缝",更不要说其临床实用性如何了。首先,对临床分离菌株来说,医生们几乎不可能拿到文献列出的所有17类或11类抗感染药的药敏试验结果,所以也就无从了解其是否是XDR或PDR。其次,同一类药物中代表药物的选择也无法统一。最后,即使方法学与判定标准都没有问题,就革兰阳性球菌而言,这些概念对临床选用抗感染药物有指导意义吗?我想这一问题不仅会给临床医生造成困惑,也同样会使临床微生物专家头痛。同一株细菌在不同的实验室得出的结论会完全不同,因各实验室抗感染药物类别的划分不同,同一类中所选的代表药物也不同。

革兰阳性球菌的获得性耐药在我国并不太严重,还没有真正对万古霉素耐药的MRSA,耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)也不多,至于肺炎链球菌也很少有对青霉素真正耐药者。革兰阳性球菌对下述两种关键药物是否耐药对临床更重要:一是甲氧西林,二是万古霉素。如果是MRSA医生们就不能选择β–内酰胺,如果是VRE就应考虑恶唑烷酮类或脂肽类,实验室如果不报告是否是MRSA或VRE,只说是MDR、XDR或PDR,临床医生将仍是"一头雾水"。即使是权威的国际微生物专家的最终建议,也有许多值得商议的细节问题,如在抗阳性菌的喹诺酮类药物中上述文献选择了对革兰阳性球菌活性不强的环丙沙星作代表药,而非莫西沙星等。笔者建议临床上对于革兰阳性球菌应尽量少用或不用MDR等概念。

三、如何区分革兰阴性杆菌的耐药程度

MDR等概念应用最多、最广泛的领域当属用来表达革兰阴性杆菌的耐药。以肠杆菌科细菌为例,专家建议,对17类药中有3类不敏感为MDR,14类不敏感为XDR,全不敏感为PDR。但该标准将β–内酰胺类进一步分成头霉素、第一二代头孢菌素、第三四代头孢菌素、抗MRSA头孢菌素、抗假单胞菌青霉素/酶抑制剂及碳青酶烯类等6个亚类,笔者不知这样分类的道理是什么,但总觉得不十分恰当。如果亚类数减少,则筛选出的MDR细菌自然会减少。也就是说如想真正在全球统一MDR等区分标准,只有先统一划分亚类并选定每一类的代表药及数目。但到目前为止,还相差甚远,以笔者之见可能永远无法统一。

如果实验室报告某肺炎克雷伯菌高产超广谱β–内酰胺酶(ESBL),那么医生们就会选择碳青酶烯、β–内酰胺酶/酶抑制剂或β–内酰胺以外的药物;如果产头孢菌素酶(AmpC酶),那β–内酰胺类中就只能选第四代头孢与碳青酶烯;如果同时高产ESBL和AmpC酶,就只有碳青酶烯可选;如果是产KPC酶就可能对碳青酶烯也不敏感。这样的划分方法既能了解耐药机制又能指导临床选用药物,应比MDR等概念更确切,更实用,更有指导意义。

当然上述各种β–内酰胺酶的检测在临床实验室并没有广泛开展,但我们可从细菌耐药表型中大致了解其可能的耐药机制:如对头霉素敏感但对第三代头孢菌素耐药很可能就是产ESBL的细菌,如对头霉素耐药但对四代头孢敏感就可能是产AmpC酶的细菌等。如果将β–内酰胺分成上述6个或更多亚类,革兰阴性菌只要高产ESBL就当属MDR,但同样称MDR革兰阴性杆菌,它可对喹诺酮、氨基糖苷等耐药,但也可能敏感,临床治疗就会有根本的差别。

无论革兰阳性菌或阴性菌,以其对某些特定抗菌药是否耐药为界线,就能较好地表示出其耐药程度与范围,并与选择治疗药物有直接联系,对于临床来说可能比MDR等概念更有意义。如果硬要将二种方法作比较,对多数革兰阴性菌而言,产ESBL对第三、四代头孢耐药就相当于MDR,耐碳青酶烯就相当于XDR,如果对多黏菌素与替加环素也有获得性耐药则可能相当于PDR。

文末,笔者建议不应将在临床微生物专家中争论就很大的MDR等概念急于在我国临床上推广,对于具体分离到的细菌,如为某革兰阳性菌是否是MRSA、MRSE或VRE比是否是MDR、XDR更重要,同样对于革兰阴性杆菌是否对第三四代头孢菌素、头霉素,特别是碳青酶烯耐药对临床更有指导意义。MDR、XDR、PDR等概念已在国际文献中频繁使用,我们不可以不了解,但不应在临床中过多、过滥地使用,否则不仅对治疗无任何指导意义,也会给医生们带来混乱。

来源:《中华医学杂志》,仅限于非商业应用

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    2015-12-29 老段

    药物治疗

    0

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    2015-12-28 xyfg98

    值得学习

    0

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    2015-12-28 忠诚向上

    很值得好学习

    0

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    2015-12-28 wzf990214

    赞一个

    0

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    2015-12-28 wzf990214

    有意思

    0

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