从心电图如何快速诊断特发性室性心动过速?

2017-09-28 佚名 Medicalxpress

男性患者,13岁,反复阵发性心悸1年。入院后行心电图,因患者无器质性心脏病且室速反复发作诊断为左室特发性室速。此病临床特点是什么?心电图表现有哪些?详见以下病例——

男性患者,13岁,反复阵发性心悸1年。入院后行心电图,因患者无器质性心脏病且室速反复发作诊断为左室特发性室速。此病临床特点是什么?心电图表现有哪些?详见以下病例——

【示教病例】

1.患者男性,13岁,反复阵发性心悸1年,再发1小时。行心电图检查(图5-4-14)。

图5-4-14 心电图 心电图表现为右束支阻滞图形的宽QRS波心动过速,aVR导联呈高R型,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联波均向下,心电轴极度右偏。部分导联ST-T 呈2∶1交替,Ⅲ、aVL导联尤其明显,是室房2∶1逆传产生的逆行P波重叠于ST-T交界处所致(箭头所示)。心电图诊断:阵发性室性心动过速(结合患者无器质性心脏病,室速反复发作,临床诊断左室特发性室速)

【相关知识点】

1. 特发性室性心动过速(idiopatic ventricular tachycardia,IVT)的临床特点

特发性室速是指发生于无器质性(“结构正常”的心脏)心脏病患者的室性心动过速。这里所谓结构正常的心脏是指经过临床查体和现有检查方法均未发现心脏结构异常的证据,并排除代谢因素、离子通道疾病等,而只表现为室速。特发性室性心动过速一般为单形性室速,多呈阵发性发作,发作时血流动力学大多稳定,预后一般良好,极少数有晕厥和猝死的危险,可经导管射频消融术根治。

2. 特发性室速心电图表现

根据不同起源部位,可大致分为右室特发性室性心动过速和左室特发性室性心动过速。不同部位特发性室速不仅具有各自特征性心电图表现,同时还具有各自的临床特点。

(1) 右室特发性室性心动过速:主要起源于右室流出道,少数见于右室流入道、右室心尖部及右室前壁等部位。多在青壮年起病,体力活动或情绪应激可诱发,呈持续性或反复非持续性单形性室性心动过速,症状多轻微,对腺苷敏感,迷走神经兴奋、ATP、维拉帕米和β受体阻滞药对部分患者有治疗作用,普罗帕酮可有效防治室性心动过速的发作。右室不同部位起源的心电图表现如下:
右室流出道室性心动过速的心电图特征性表现为(图5-4-15):①宽QRS波胸导联类似左束支阻滞图形;②Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联QRS主波向上呈高振幅R波;③Ⅰ导联QRS波形态与室速在右室流出道内的位置有关,低幅多相为右室流出道间隔部室速,呈R型(≥0.5mV)提示右室流出道游离壁室速;④aVL和aVR导联呈QS型,QSaVL的振幅≥QSaVR的振幅,多提示右室流出道间隔部室速,QSaVL的振幅
右室流入道室速心电图表现为:①QRS波呈左束支阻滞图形伴电轴左偏;②Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联QRS波负向(rS或QS型);③Ⅰ、aVL导联QRS波正向。

(2) 左室特发性室性心动过速:多见于青壮年男性(男女比例约3∶1),运动和异丙肾上腺素易诱发,对维拉帕米敏感(部分对腺苷敏感),故又称维拉帕米敏感性室性心动过速。多数起源于左室间隔部,又以后中间隔的左后分支区域最多见,故又称分支性室性心动过速,少数起源于左室流出道等其他部位。左室不同部位起源的心电图表现如下:
左后分支区域起源的特发性室性心动过速的心电图特征性表现:①V1导联呈右束支阻滞图形;②QRS波相对较窄,多在0.11~0.14s;③电轴左偏或极度右偏,有房室分离或非固定1∶1室房传导关系;④图形与右束支阻滞伴左前分支阻滞相似,不能完全排除室上性心动过速伴差传的可能。
左前分支区域起源的特发性室性心动过速的心电图特征性表现:①V1导联呈右束支阻滞图形;②QRS波相对较宽,多>0.12s;③电轴右偏,有房室分离或非固定1∶1室房传导关系;④图形与右束支阻滞伴左后分支阻滞相似。

【实战演练】

患者女性,28岁,阵发性心悸30分钟。行心电图检查(图5-4-15)。
图5-4-15 心电图 心电图示呈左束支阻滞图形的宽QRS波心动过速,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联QRS主波向上呈高振幅R波,Ⅰ导联QRS波形态低幅多相心电图诊断:右室特发性室速(右室流出道)

【复习题及答案解析】

1. 下列有关左室特发性室性心动过速的描述,错误的是
A. 多起源于左室间隔部
B. 多对维拉帕米敏感
C. V1导联呈左束支阻滞图形
D. 多无器质性心脏病
E. 可通过射频消融术治愈

1. 左室特发性室性心动过速(又称分支型或维拉帕米敏感性室性心动过速),多数起源于左室间隔部(少数起源于左室流出道等其他部位),心电图特征性表现为V1导联呈右束支阻滞图形,对维拉帕米敏感(部分对腺苷敏感);该病多见于青壮年男性,患者常有反复室性心动过速发作史,但一般无器质性心脏病变,对反复发作且有黑蒙、晕厥者应行射频消融术。答案:C
2. 下列有关右室特发性室性心动过速的描述,错误的是
A. 多起源于右室流出道
B. 多对腺苷敏感
C. 胸导联呈左束支阻滞图形
D. 为多形性室性心动过速
E. 可通过射频消融术治愈

2. 特发性室性心动过速一般为单形性室性心动过速,多呈阵发性发作,发作时血流动力学大多稳定,预后一般良好,极少数有晕厥和猝死的危险。特发性室性心动过速可经导管射频消融术根治。值得注意的是,左室特发性室性心动过速多对维拉帕米敏感,心电图特征性表现为V1导联呈右束支阻滞图形;而右室特发性室性心动过速多对腺苷敏感,心电图表现为胸导联呈左束支阻滞图形。答案:D

原始出处:
《临床心电图精解》作者:廉姜芳 周建庆参编:叶明 葛世俊 巴艳娜 陈健页码:182-185出版:人民卫生出版社

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    2017-09-28 衣带渐宽

    学习

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1894631, encodeId=bd261894631da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e45b6e859f3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#特发性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67859, encryptionId=e45b6e859f3, topicName=特发性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=74808, createdName=xinxin088, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 00:35:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1407853, encodeId=6203140e853ec, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=75f34622831' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#室性心动过速#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=46228, encryptionId=75f34622831, topicName=室性心动过速)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=19932732764, createdName=kalseyzl, createdTime=Sat Sep 30 08:35:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1471106, encodeId=16fd14e1106ba, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f06c5090466' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心动过速#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50904, encryptionId=f06c5090466, topicName=心动过速)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=35817104001, createdName=fengyi814, createdTime=Sat Sep 30 08:35:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=248583, encodeId=480c24858332, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmhead/Q3auHgzwzM6P57Bs8gOPaY1cQP9lIia0lmZOEXraGaoicqNToIslXDKw/0, createdBy=7a041951742, createdName=衣带渐宽, createdTime=Thu Sep 28 21:06:38 CST 2017, time=2017-09-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=248579, encodeId=e9932485e9fe, content=学习了.要是多点视频就好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c7052030458, createdName=1e2332e9m29(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Sep 28 20:53:52 CST 2017, time=2017-09-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-09-28 1e2332e9m29(暂无匿称)

    学习了.要是多点视频就好

    0

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