Nat Commun:新研究揭示BRCA癌细胞最后的“生存策略”

2017-12-04 Flora 生物探索

作为典型的抑癌基因,BRCA负责调控细胞复制、DNA损伤修复等功能。但是,携带BRCA缺陷的癌细胞,虽然面临DNA被降解的难题,但是却有一套备用的生存机制。现在,最新研究解析了这一机制,并找到了解决化疗耐药性的关键线索。

作为典型的抑癌基因,BRCA负责调控细胞复制、DNA损伤修复等功能。但是,携带BRCA缺陷的癌细胞,虽然面临DNA被降解的难题,但是却有一套备用的生存机制。现在,最新研究解析了这一机制,并找到了解决化疗耐药性的关键线索。

近日,《Nature Communications》期刊新发表的这篇文章,揭示了携带BRCA突变的癌细胞生存的特殊机制,并找到了解决化疗耐药性的关键线索。

来自于圣路易斯大学(Saint Louis University)的生物化学和分子生物学教授AlessandroVindigni带领团队完成了这一研究,他们希望这有望改进癌症化疗的效果,并解决化疗耐药性难题。

1BRCA蛋白:保护复制叉

当DNA复制时,双链会分开,分别作为模板进行复制,解开的两条单链会形成一个“复制叉”。一旦DNA复制完成,原本形成的复制叉会形成一个四通连接结构,即“反转叉”。

在之前的研究中,Alessandro Vindigni团队发现了一种新酶,负责在DNA损伤已修复的前提下,促使DNA恢复正常的复制过程。现在,他们以这一关键酶为切入点,以BRCA缺陷(与多种癌症有关,包括乳腺癌卵巢癌和前列腺癌)细胞为模版,找到了实现“防止反复制叉形成,提高化疗敏感性”的对策。

BRCA蛋白以修复双链断裂而闻名,它们还负责“消毒”复制叉,避免其因DNA修复制剂而受损。BRCA蛋白的主要功能是保护复制叉,防止它们被降解。但是,这背后的保护机制却仍然未知。

细胞核内有核酸酶(例如MRE11),负责水解双链DNA。所以,当BRCA蛋白缺失时,DNA复制叉就没有“保护罩”了,从而很容易被核酸酶降解,引发DNA断裂、染色体不稳定,最终促使细胞死亡。这也是BRCA缺陷的肿瘤细胞很容易受到化疗药物(阻止DNA复制)影响的原因。

2新研究回答了3个问题

第一、是否有其他核酸酶降解未受保护的DNA?

考虑到MRE11只能降解少量核苷酸,所以研究人员怀疑:一定还有其他行使类似功能的核酸酶。研究人员利用荧光显微镜观察培养细胞DNA复制的过程。借助这一技术,他们最终发现另一种核酸酶——EXO1。

第二、核酸酶如何降解DNA?

“之前的研究已经表明,反转叉很重要。一旦复制停止,DNA会形成这一反转结构。现在,我们证实,反转叉正是核酸酶连接DNA的位置,即它是降解的起始点。” Alessandro Vindigni教授解释道。

这意味着,BRCA蛋白必须保护反转叉,从而阻止核酸酶对DNA的降解。

第三、这些复制叉最终发生了什么?

研究团队发现,细胞有一个备用机制,用于拯救复制叉被降解。他们称之为“最后的退路”——如果DNA被广泛降解,细胞会摒弃这段DNA,并启用特殊的机制拯救被降解的复制叉。

当DNA降解导致染色体不稳定时,这并不意味着终结。为避免死亡,细胞很有可能会舍弃受损的DNA链,并拯救陷入危机的复制叉。

3对癌症治疗意味着什么?

缺少BRCA蛋白的癌细胞正是利用这最后“救援退路”,躲避抗癌药物的攻击。所以,这意味着,阻断这一生存策略,可以加快BRCA缺陷细胞的死亡。

除了探索癌症治疗的新方法,这项研究还有望解决另一个难题——化疗耐药性。当欠缺BRCA蛋白时,DNA会更容易降解。但是癌细胞却不死亡,这是一个矛盾的现象,它意味着必须有另一套保护复制叉不被降解的机制,而找到这一机制背后的关键因素,将为解决耐药性问题提供线索。

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    2017-12-26 liuli5079
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    2018-09-11 一叶知秋
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    2017-12-06 yxch36
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    2017-12-06 智智灵药