JOT:开放性骨折患者应早期预防性应用抗生素

2014-12-03 何勇槟 丁香园

开放性骨折是一个具有高风险并发症和不良预后的重要损伤模式。此前Gustilo RB学者等在一系列治疗开放性骨折的研究中报导患者出现感染的概率介于0%和50%之间,且感染率高低取决于骨折所涉及的骨骼,损伤的严重程度,宿主因素以及其他方面等各个因素。 而Brown KV学者等则进一步阐明早期预防性应用抗生素对降低开放性骨折患者感染率的重要性。同时Gustilo RB等提出现代创伤骨科护理

开放性骨折是一个具有高风险并发症和不良预后的重要损伤模式。此前Gustilo RB学者等在一系列治疗开放性骨折的研究中报导患者出现感染的概率介于0%和50%之间,且感染率高低取决于骨折所涉及的骨骼,损伤的严重程度,宿主因素以及其他方面等各个因素。

而Brown KV学者等则进一步阐明早期预防性应用抗生素对降低开放性骨折患者感染率的重要性。同时Gustilo RB等提出现代创伤骨科护理的基本目标应该是对开放性骨折的早期识别以及及时给予适当的抗生素治疗

为了提高对开放性骨折患者的治疗与护理效率,来自得克萨斯州哈里斯卫理公会健康医院的Collinge, Cory A医生等在2012年11月制定了一个绩效改善计划,即在患者急诊入院(emergency department ED)后通过急诊科医生、护士、药剂师、手术医生等协调合作,在1小时内、最迟于3小时内应用抗生素治疗。

Collinge, Cory A医生等通过对该院创伤中心收治的开放性骨折患者在计划实施前后所出现的特点进行比较,确定影响预防性应用抗生素治疗效果的潜在因素,得出通过实施该绩效改善计划,在开放性骨折患者入院1小时内预防性应用抗生素能够提高对其早期治疗、护理效率的结论。相关结果发表在2014年11月出版的J Orthop Trauma杂志上。

所谓的绩效改善计划,是一个多层面、涉及在抗生素应用过程中所有参与的急诊科医务人员的计划。具体如下:

1.通过运用长达15分钟PPT的展示形式,在急诊科医生、护士以及药房人员各自部门会议上强调对开放性骨折患者早期应用抗生素治疗的重要性,与此同时需要指定的创伤骨科医生、护士联络员来引导整个过程。

2.制作写有上述全体医院人员接受教育后签名的海报,并把它粘贴在急诊科和药房;

3.鼓励手术医生在收到急诊科的电话后应采取更积极的方式,确保早期抗生素治疗计划顺利实施;

4.急诊科的药物自动传输系统能使广泛使用抗生素变得更有效率(特别是给予2克剂量的头孢唑啉);5.对记录在案的绩效变化持续更新,主要包括把每月对开放性骨折的评分记录作为创伤骨科质量保证计划的一部分,同时将这些记录反馈给相应的各个管理部门。

作者采用回顾性队列研究的方法,剔除那些开放性骨折后进行手部、脊柱手术以及从外院转送过来的病人,将2012年1月至2013年9月该院收治符合纳入标准的开放性骨折手术患者(年龄介于18~100岁)共259名按照绩效改善计划实施前后分为两组:第一组为2012年1月至2012年12月入院治疗的病人,共127名;第二组为2013年1月至2013年9月入院治疗的病人,共132名。对这些病人人口统计资料、致伤因素、ASA评分、ISS等进行评估。

评估早期的开放骨折护理,例如早期的抗生素在其治疗过程中的特点,包括预防性静脉注射(IV)抗生素治疗的及时性和拖延或遗漏这些治疗的理由。

每个表3中延迟治疗时间大于1小时的分类都将考虑为延迟治疗的原因;最后,通过比较患者的体重以及接受的初始抗生素治疗剂量来评估依赖体重变化的标准抗生素(头孢菌素,来自Barie PS等的研究)的使用量。

研究结果显示:两组病人的人口统计资料、致伤因素等并没有统计学差异。第二组患者(平均32.4分钟)在入院后接受静脉抗生素治疗的时间早于第一组患者(平均70.5分钟)。

第二组患者从进入急诊室到医生进行病情评估、从下达应用抗生素医嘱到抗生素应用的时间均比第一组患者所需时间短,平均时间分别从6.5分钟降至4.5分钟、从37分钟降至13分钟;而从医生评估患者病情到下达应用抗生素医嘱也有下降的趋势,平均时间从12.7分钟降至8.0分钟。

在入院第1小时内,第1组中有50%(63/127)的患者开始抗生素治疗,而第2组有78%(100/132)。入院第3小时内,第1组中有85%(112/127)的患者开始抗生素治疗,第2组则有95%(125/132)。

第1组中79%(85/107)的患者以及第2 组中91%(104/114)的患者能根据他们的体重接受与之相应的标准静脉注射剂量抗生素(头孢菌素)治疗,如体重大于80千克的患者给予2克头孢唑啉治疗。

作者最后指出,尽管在实验设计、实施过程中仍存在不足,但此研究无疑是在救助开放性骨折患者所开展的少数研究中能对患者起到早期、快速、合理有效治疗的研究。

而通过此项绩效改善计划,即加强对医务人员的医学教育、提高责任心、及时处理反馈信息以及提高抗生素应用的有效性,在开放性骨折患者入院1小时内预防性应用抗生素能够提高对其早期治疗、护理的效率。

译者注:第二组的纳入终止时间正文跟摘要不一致,本译文采用正文的终止时间即2013年9月。

原始出处:

Collinge CA1, McWilliam-Ross K, Kelly KC, Dombroski D.Substantial improvement in prophylactic antibiotic administration for open fracture patients: results of a performance improvement program.J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Nov;28(11):620-5. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000000090.

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    2015-04-12 x35042875

    脊柱融合术中是否使用BMP后的骨不连的发生率无统计学差别

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