FICC 2014:原发性醛固酮增多症诊治进展

2014-04-15 佚名 FICC2014论文集

原发性醛固酮增多症是一种常见的继发性高血压,是内分泌高血压中最为常见的病因。在难治性高血压患者中,原醛患病率更高达17%~23%。醛固酮分泌过多是导致心肌肥厚、心力衰竭和肾功能受损的重要危险因素。与原发性高血压患者相比,原醛患者的心脏、肾脏等高血压靶器官的损害更为严重,因而此类高血压的早期诊断和治疗至关重要。 一、关于原醛的筛查 原醛是1955年由Conn首先发现并命名的一种肾上腺疾病,其临床

原发性醛固酮增多症是一种常见的继发性高血压,是内分泌高血压中最为常见的病因。在难治性高血压患者中,原醛患病率更高达17%~23%。醛固酮分泌过多是导致心肌肥厚、心力衰竭和肾功能受损的重要危险因素。与原发性高血压患者相比,原醛患者的心脏、肾脏等高血压靶器官的损害更为严重,因而此类高血压的早期诊断和治疗至关重要。

一、关于原醛的筛查

原醛是1955年由Conn首先发现并命名的一种肾上腺疾病,其临床表现主要为高血压、低血钾、肌无力、多尿、碱血症、醛固酮升高及肾素降低。高血压、低血钾曾被认为是原醛最典型的临床表现,但最近一些研究表明,只有9%~17%的患者存在低钾血症,由于其敏感度和特异度较低,低钾血症已不能作为筛查原醛的早期指标。1981年Hiramatsu首次采用血浆醛固酮与血浆肾素活性比值(ARR)作为原醛筛查指标。目前,ARR作为原醛症最常用的筛查指标,已被广泛应用于临床,特别适合在门诊开展,可以在很大程度上提高该病的检出率,使相当一部分血钾正常的高血压患者得到确诊,从而得到早期诊断和治疗。不同中心所定ARR切点差异较大,推荐以30为切点,可兼顾诊断的敏感性和特异性。测定前需注意排除饮食、体位、血钾水平、降压药物、标本存放方法等的影响,从而保证实验室测定结果的可靠性。

二、关于确诊试验的选择

所有ARR阳性患者须选择口服高钠负荷试验、生理盐水滴注试验、氟氢可的松抑制试验或卡托普利试验中任何一项确诊或排除原醛。这4项试验各有其优缺点,临床医生可根据各自医疗机构的条件和患者临床特点进行选择。卡托普利试验是一项操作简单、安全性较高的确诊试验,因此得到较为广泛地开展,但此试验存在一定的假阴性,部分特发性醛固酮增多症患者醛固酮水平亦可被抑制。

三、关于原醛病因分型诊断的方法

原发性醛固酮增多症主要分为5型,即醛固酮腺瘤、特发性醛固酮增多症、原发性肾上腺皮质增生(又称单侧肾上腺增生)、糖皮质激素可抑制性原醛和醛固酮癌。原醛症的分型诊断一直是难点问题,在很大程度上影响了治疗方案的选择,临床医生不能仅仅依靠影像学来判定病变的类型,而是要结合临床特点、生化和激素测定指标等对患者进行全面分析。对定性诊断明确的原醛患者均应做肾上腺定位检查以鉴别其病因分型及定位,并除外较大肿物的肾上腺皮质癌。指南推荐肾上腺CT扫描为首选的无创性定位方法,高分辨薄层CT及增强扫描并行冠状位及矢状位三维重建显像,可提高肾上腺腺瘤的诊断阳性率。

原醛症确诊后如选择手术治疗,则需鉴别是单侧或双侧肾上腺病变,即鉴别是肾上腺腺瘤或肾上腺增生,因对二者的治疗原则不同,故指南强调应由有经验的放射科医生进行选择性双侧肾上腺静脉采血(AVS),该技术是公认的原醛分型诊断的“金标准”。但由于该项检查具有创伤性、价格贵、技术要求高,因而限制了其在临床上广泛开展。

四、关于不同治疗方式的预后比较

目前的指南推荐单侧肾上腺病变的原醛应该手术切除患侧肾上腺,而对于特发性醛固酮增多症,或者是不适合手术的原醛患者,建议口服盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂以及其他的降压药物来控制病情。

不同的原醛类型采取不同的治疗方式,其高血压低血钾及心血管事件的预后是否有差别?既往缺乏大样本的资料来回答这个问题。近期日本的全国性研究显示,单侧或双侧醛固酮腺瘤经手术治疗对患者高血压和低血钾的纠正缓解更有优势;对于双侧和单侧肾上腺增生,只有手术治疗方式可以改善低血钾,而高血压的缓解在手术和药物治疗没有区别。由此得出结论,即原醛患者接受手术治疗较药物更好地改善高血压和低血钾。


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    2014-04-17 cmsvly
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    2014-04-17 docwu2019

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