Nature:中国首次使用人类胚胎干细胞分化细胞治疗帕金森病

2017-06-01 佚名 醉心科学

“在未来的几个月中,来自中国郑州的外科医生将在帕金森患者的头骨上钻孔,并将大约400万个人类胚胎干细胞分化获得的神经前体细胞注入进患者大脑,而紧随其后的是一段长期的临床随访。”这是2017年5月31日刊登在Nature(自然)杂志网站上的报道。这似乎是过去十年时间里,国际主流媒体第一次没有以负面的态度评价中国干细胞临床研究。1、两项“备案”的干细胞临床研究Nature News中报道的正是中国

“在未来的几个月中,来自中国郑州的外科医生将在帕金森患者的头骨上钻孔,并将大约400万个人类胚胎干细胞分化获得的神经前体细胞注入进患者大脑,而紧随其后的是一段长期的临床随访。”

这是2017年5月31日刊登在Nature(自然)杂志网站上的报道。

这似乎是过去十年时间里,国际主流媒体第一次没有以负面的态度评价中国干细胞临床研究。

1、两项“备案”的干细胞临床研究

Nature News中报道的正是中国刚刚启动的首批经过备案的两项基于胚胎干细胞分化细胞的临床研究,均是中国科学院动物研究所周琪院士带领的团队与郑州大学第一附属医院合作开展的项目。

分别是利用人胚胎干细胞来源的神经前体细胞治疗帕金森病和利用人胚胎干细胞来源的视网膜色素上皮细胞治疗干性年龄相关性黄斑变性。

这两项临床研究是中国首批通过卫计委和食药监总局备案的干细胞临床研究,也是世界首批基于公共干细胞库和细胞配型进行的人类干细胞 临床研究,同时也是全球首个基于配型使用的人胚胎干细胞分化细胞治疗帕金森病的临床研究。临床研究的开展似乎让中国数百万饱受帕金森、黄斑变性困扰的老年患者看到了希望。

2、严苛的动物模型实验

“Zhou’s team completed four years of work with a monkey model of Parkinson’s, and has met the government requirements, he says.”(周琪团队用了4年时间完成了帕金森猴模型的工作,并达到了政府的要求)。

严苛的动物模型实验是人类干细胞临床研究的保障,也是干细胞研究从实验室走向手术台的必经之路。不仅周琪的团队认为动物模型的重要性,国际同行科学家在访谈中也表示出了concerns(关切)。

“I am somewhat surprised and concerned, as I have not seen any peer-reviewed preclinical data on this approach.” 来自Memorial Sloan Kettering癌症中心的干细胞生物学家Lorenz Studer也希望看到更多的临床前的实验数据。

多年前,周琪团队远赴中国广西开展了中国最早一批干细胞分化细胞治疗帕金森氏病灵长类动物模型的研究。团队用人胚胎干细胞分化来源的神经前体细胞,在15只诱导获得的帕金森猴子模型中开展了细致研究。而研究早期并没有观察到移植细胞带来的运动改善。

一年后,该小组检查了一半猴子的大脑,发现移植细胞已经变成多巴胺释放细胞。在随后的时间里,余下猴子的运动改善达到了50%左右。而更为长期的安全性、有效性的评估还在继续。

这两项临床研究的开展将回答学界和公众高度关注的干细胞临床应用问题,例如,在帕金森项目中我们所使用的神经前体细胞实际上是增殖能力较弱的、具有中脑多巴胺能神经元命运的未成熟细胞,这类细胞可以在植入后进一步成熟。类似的前体细胞在动物水平的移植已有报道(Doi et al., 2012; Kriks et al., 2011),其治疗效果还需要接受临床研究的验证。

3、临床级胚胎干细胞库

俗话说“种瓜得瓜、种豆得豆”。规范地、标准地干细胞制剂制备,安全、稳定的细胞资源库是保证干细胞临床研究的先决条件。早在十年前,在嘈杂的北京北四环路边的一座2层高的北京干细胞库,周琪带领他的团队已经开始规划中国干细胞研究的未来。如今,周琪院士领导的北京干细胞库深入研究,自主创新,以药物GMP为参照,面向临床应用建立了一系列细胞建系规范和质量评价标准,已成功的建立了200多株临床级胚胎干细胞系。

这些细胞系的生物学安全性、多能性、多向分化潜能、分化细胞的体内外功能等指标均经严格质控,其中部分细胞系和细胞制剂已经过中国食品药品检定研究院的质量复核,将应用于临床研究,建成了我国第一个临床级的干细胞库。

5月11日,国际干细胞学会(ISSCR)官方杂志《Stem Cell Reports》在线发表了北京干细胞库建立的临床级人胚胎干细胞建系规范和质量评价标准。

“这是一个已经走过十二年的项目,真正基础与转化工作需要时间的积累和检验,需要工匠精神,需要敢为人先的勇气!” 周琪这样讲他自己对干细胞转化研究的规划。

4、基于免疫配型的胚胎干细胞治疗

免疫配型,永远是干细胞治疗无法逾越的屏障。多年来,各国科学家都试图挑战或避开干细胞的免疫配型问题。最早是人们对于ntES(核移植胚胎干细胞)的挑战,希望利用克隆技术获得自体来源的胚胎干细胞,但终因技术复杂,需要供卵,无法规模化使用。

2007年,iPS技术的发明,人们似乎找到获得自体来源干细胞的快捷有效的方法。但是自体来源的iPS的免疫源性也是学术界争论的焦点,在iPS故乡日本,世界首批iPS临床研究中因为安全性的问题被中止,同时为了大幅减少准备手术的时间和费用。2017年2月6日,高桥政代医生完成了世界首例异体iPS细胞移植手术治疗老年黄斑变性,所以包括日本在内的很多国家也都在致力于建立更为稳定安全的国家公共干细胞资源库以惠普更多民众。
基于免疫配型的胚胎干细胞库对于中国来说,一种更佳是“符合国情”的、高效的解决方案。而移植供受者HLA相容性是临床器官移植的重要影响因素,其不相容是导致急性排斥反应和慢性排斥反应和最终导致移植物失功的重要元凶。

根据中国人群HLA遗传分布特征,达到HLA-A, HLA-B双倍型配型70%以上约需200例的临床级hESCs资源库。同时考虑不同疾病类型不同的细胞类型移植对HLA配型要求的不同,所需hESCs细胞库的数量可能有差异。

北京干细胞库正在着手扩充更大的库容量更近一步地研究和观察HLA配型对移植效果的影响和免疫应答情况,以期更好的指导基于配型的干细胞临床研究和应用。

5、曾经饱受批评的干细胞“滥用”

“China previously had no clear regulatory framework, and many companies had used that gap as an excuse to market unproven stem-cell treatments.”(仅在几年前,中国还没有建立明确的监管框架,许多公司利用这一监管漏洞开展不符合规范的干细胞治疗。)Nature 评论说。

干细胞作为生物医学领域研究的热点之一,Nature历来对我国干细胞治疗所存在的问题非常关注。在2011年之前,Nature曾多次撰文批评中国干细胞治疗泛滥成灾,是干细胞转化研究健康发展中的“乱象”。彼时的中国干细胞“市场”成为国际上人人喊打的“过街老鼠”。

“The experiments will also represent the first clinical trials of ES cells under regulations that China adopted in 2015, in an attempt to ensure the ethical and safe use of stem cells in the clinic.”(2015年中国干细胞研究制定了更加严格的规定,要求进行干细胞临床工作的医院必须使用符合标准的细胞系,并通过医院审查程序。) 这一次,Nature显然注意到了中国政府对于干细胞临床研究监管态度的改变。

2015年,国家卫生计生委、国家食药监总局发布了的《干细胞临床研究管理办法(试行)》,规定了干细胞临床研究只能在授权医院进行,并禁止医院收取费用。2017年初,国家卫生计生委、国家食药监总局对首批干细胞临床研究进行了备案。当前开展的这两项临床研究即是首批通过备案的临床研究。

Nature此次对这两项临床研究做出了客观、详实的报道,标志着我国的干细胞临床研究已步入正轨,同时也将中国的干细胞研究推到了国际舞台的聚光灯下。

北京干细胞库正在着手扩充更大的库容量更近一步地研究和观察HLA配型对移植效果的影响和免疫应答情况,以期更好的指导基于配型的干细胞临床研究和应用。

6、干细胞明天会更好

对我国干细胞事业而言,这是一次难得的机遇,我们也应当看到,在引起国际关注的同时,我们更应该严格依照国家相关规定谨慎地开展实验,并接受国家相关部门的监督,推动干细胞临床转化健康发展。

原始出处:

David Cyranoski,et al. Trials of embryonic stem cells to launch in China. nature. 2017 May 31.

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    赞一个

    0

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    2017-06-03 meiliwuxian

    曙光

    0

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    2017-06-03 ailian1202
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    2017-06-02 139****5926

    好文章学习了

    0

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    2017-06-02 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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