Medscape伦理学报告2014, **部分(之二): 生命,死亡和疼痛

2015-02-04 CSCCM CSCCM公众微信

Medscape Ethics Report 2014, Part 1: Life, Death, and Pain Leslie Kane, MA December 16, 2014 对老年患者进行合理医疗的可能性是很多人关心的话题。伦理学家Ezekiel Emanuel近期发表声明,"活得太久其实是一种损失," 他在75岁后将拒绝多数医疗,这一观点也激起了对这一问题新的讨论。

Medscape Ethics Report 2014, Part 1: Life, Death, and Pain

Leslie Kane, MA

December 16, 2014

对老年患者进行合理医疗的可能性是很多人关心的话题。伦理学家Ezekiel Emanuel近期发表声明,"活得太久其实是一种损失," 他在75岁后将拒绝多数医疗,这一观点也激起了对这一问题新的讨论。1

"资源是有限的。我们应当将更多的资源用在保留年轻人的生命,尤其当他们有存活的希望时。"

"如果资源有限,考虑到年轻患者有更长的存活时间,从道德上讲,年龄歧视是正确的。"

"如果老年人是像Steve Jobs一样的人,那么就很难决定是否值得救治一名默默无闻的年轻患者。"

"绝对如此,资源应当分配给年轻人 ! 我是一名老年科医生。年轻人代表了未来。抱歉,但这是事实。"

"应当考虑到每个病例的特殊情况,而不仅仅是年龄。如果年轻人是一名罪犯,而老年人是一名退休教师,又当如何?"

1Emanuel E. Why I hope to die at 75. The Atlantic. September 2014.



人的年龄越大,就越不愿意将稀缺资源留给年轻患者,这一发现并不奇怪。在这一调查中,对上述问题回答“是”的比例从年轻医生的32%降低到年龄最大人群的22%。

"如果你只有一个(设备),而两名患者都需要 — 我最可能把它留给年轻患者。"

"我想预期寿命是任何诊断或治疗决策的主要决定因素。"

"年龄非常重要。与80岁的患者相比,我是否会对13岁的患者优先进行肝脏移植? 答案当然是肯定的。如果是13岁的患者和一名3个孩子的40岁父亲呢? 答案是不。"

"是的。整体而言,年轻人存活的机会更大,对社会更有贡献及回馈。老年人已经对社区做出了应有的贡献。但是,无论如何,老年人已经渡过了对社区做出贡献的时期。"



诚实对于医学伦理而言非常重要,但是,法律无疑也是需要考虑的因素。然而,很多医生也认为,患者的积极态度有助于改善其生理状态,而坏消息能够摧毁患者的希望。

"我不会剥夺患者的希望或生存的意愿。"

"如果患者已经丧失信心且经受磨难,我可能不会告诉他们已经没有希望了,尽管如果他们主动询问时我并不会撒谎。"

"有时,这样的消息能够比疾病本身更快地导致患者死亡,因为患者可能放弃与疾病进行抗争。医生并非上帝,的确可能出现奇迹。我自己看到过奇迹发生,因此我真心相信希望总是存在的。"

"人们需要知道(坏消息),以便做好计划和准备。需要很诚实地(传达坏消息),但是应当怀有深切的同情和帮助。"



有时,出于不同的原因,家属会要求医生不要告诉患者本人。有些时候这一要求可以理解,但医生也表示,家属的意愿或决策有时也会带来麻烦。

"如果疾病影响了患者的判断力,家属就会作为患者医疗授权的代理人,此时我会做肯定的回答。"

"很多患者认知能力受到限制。此时,家属的喜好需要优先考虑。家属仍然是做出决断的一方。"

"对于老年人,最好使得患者保持积极的心态,尤其是在病程的终末期。"

"是的,但是我总是把相关信息写下来,然后我会告诉患者。”

"在传递相关信息时,我会尽量找到适宜的方式和时间,尤其对于成年患者而言。在某些复杂的情况下,可能需要在一段时间内不向患者泄露相关信息。"



在缓解疼痛方面,医生总是应当把患者的利益放在首位,但是他们也很清楚美国缉毒局(DEA)令人恐怖且政策多变,应当尽一切可能不引起他们的注意。

"对不起,我害怕那些家伙,不想进监狱。"

"不,你应当尽所有努力治疗这些患者的疼痛。"

"是的。我不希望因为处方阿片类药物触犯法律,如果DEA制定了法律,我就会遵从,即使患者会因此受罪。"

"我会给患者最好的治疗,不会考虑DEA。"

"疼痛非常折磨人,但毕竟不是致命性问题。然而,如果DEA认为你不恰当地处方阿片类药物,则会危及你的职业。"



大多数(69%)医生 of physicians said they would not deny treatment in this circumstance, 表示,他们在这种情况下不会拒绝治疗,但是很多人承认实际上存在很大困难,需要考虑医疗付费的现实。

"每天都有这样的事情发生,对吗? 如果患者不能付费,那么就无法得到治疗。"

"在临终关怀医院,我们每天都会做出这样的决策。需要权衡可能的舒缓治疗措施与Medicare临终关怀的报销政策。"

"如果患者不希望自己付费,而且保险也拒绝付费,我就不会使用。患者可以寻求其他付费方式,如果能够实现,我才会进行相应治疗。"

"我不会为其他人的医疗付费。"

"我会鼓励患者向保险公司争取,告诉他们如何去做,但我不会为此付费。这些天我还要为生计发愁。"



有这样的说法,即如果医生详细介绍了治疗的所有风险,患者就不会接受任何医疗措施。医生可以选择说明治疗益处和风险的方式,不同医生的选择有所不同。

"过分介绍治疗风险无疑会导致患者对手术忧心忡忡,从而对治疗的有所顾虑。"

"患者信任我能够引导他们做出最佳的临床选择。因此,我将会重点强调那些价值较差的治疗选择的缺点。"

"有关治疗风险我不会撒谎或隐瞒,但是患者希望我能够就治疗选择进行推荐和解释。这要求我解释为何某种治疗较其他选择更佳,这当然包括尽可能减少风险。"

"患者需要了解治疗风险。如果万一出现并发症,而患者随后发现你并未告知他们,那么他们就会寻求律师的帮助。"



大多数医生在数年后还能够回忆起至少一个伦理学困境。他们中很多人认为这些问题仍然在困扰着自己,因此希望当初自己采用不同的措施应对。其他人则认为自己做了正确的选择,尽管余波仍在。

"我祖父告诉我他要求安乐死:但我没有遵从。"

"应当无法交流患者所经受的疼痛。家属不希望使用止痛药物,但是医生都认为患者处于疼痛的煎熬中。"

"我有个患者接受生命支持治疗将近一年,患者始终处于植物状态,家属不希望撤除治疗。"

"家属不希望患病的父亲知道自己得了肿瘤。肿瘤其实是可以治疗的,但是治疗的副作用很大,因此家属害怕父亲无法耐受而不愿意进行治疗。"



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    2015-03-14 smlt2008
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    2015-03-04 feather89
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    2015-02-16 windmilL1989

    已阅

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1897974, encodeId=202b189e974a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=832c404308' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4043, encryptionId=832c404308, topicName=CAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c39f145, createdName=smlt2008, createdTime=Sat Mar 14 13:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1725746, encodeId=cd351e2574660, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=986913980dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13980, encryptionId=986913980dd, topicName=PE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f06c33759375, createdName=feather89, createdTime=Wed Mar 04 11:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15935, encodeId=c4741593519, content=已阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c68e1614119, createdName=windmilL1989, createdTime=Mon Feb 16 14:50:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2062461, encodeId=cb77206246184, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fc8f260491d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#伦理学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26049, encryptionId=fc8f260491d, topicName=伦理学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ec37461, createdName=szhvet, createdTime=Sun May 10 22:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1298962, encodeId=7ebc12989629c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aaca260456b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#伦理#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26045, encryptionId=aaca260456b, topicName=伦理)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f9279, createdName=slcumt, createdTime=Fri Feb 06 06:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1350972, encodeId=c7d213509e26f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f5a31596056' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15960, encryptionId=f5a31596056, topicName=SCAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Fri Feb 06 06:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1458571, encodeId=2ff514585e1e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6b5511492e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Medscape#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11492, encryptionId=6b5511492e2, topicName=Medscape)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e4ab6090887, createdName=bnjfx@128.com, createdTime=Fri Feb 06 06:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1606397, encodeId=0bd0160639eee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Fri Feb 06 06:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-10 szhvet
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1897974, encodeId=202b189e974a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=832c404308' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4043, encryptionId=832c404308, topicName=CAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c39f145, createdName=smlt2008, createdTime=Sat Mar 14 13:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1725746, encodeId=cd351e2574660, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=986913980dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13980, encryptionId=986913980dd, topicName=PE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f06c33759375, createdName=feather89, createdTime=Wed Mar 04 11:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15935, encodeId=c4741593519, content=已阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c68e1614119, createdName=windmilL1989, createdTime=Mon Feb 16 14:50:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2062461, encodeId=cb77206246184, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fc8f260491d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#伦理学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26049, encryptionId=fc8f260491d, topicName=伦理学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ec37461, createdName=szhvet, createdTime=Sun May 10 22:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1298962, encodeId=7ebc12989629c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aaca260456b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#伦理#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26045, encryptionId=aaca260456b, topicName=伦理)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f9279, createdName=slcumt, createdTime=Fri Feb 06 06:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1350972, encodeId=c7d213509e26f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f5a31596056' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15960, encryptionId=f5a31596056, topicName=SCAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Fri Feb 06 06:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1458571, encodeId=2ff514585e1e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6b5511492e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Medscape#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11492, encryptionId=6b5511492e2, topicName=Medscape)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e4ab6090887, createdName=bnjfx@128.com, createdTime=Fri Feb 06 06:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1606397, encodeId=0bd0160639eee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Fri Feb 06 06:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-02-06 slcumt
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    2015-02-06 zhaojie88
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