病例分享:保护胰岛功能,我们如何选择口服降糖药物?

2018-04-23 阿拉蕾 傅玲玲 中国医学论坛报

1、患者,男,47岁。主诉:发现血糖升高10余年。

病例提供者:金华市中医医院内分泌科 傅玲玲

简要病史

1、患者,男,47岁。主诉:发现血糖升高10余年。

2、现病史:患者10余年前体检发现血糖偏高,具体数值不详,当时无明显口干、多饮等症状,当地医院明确诊断为“2型糖尿病”,曾口服多种降糖药(具体不详)。

患者4年前因出现蛋白尿,开始调整为胰岛素治疗(诺和锐30),自诉血糖控制尚可,后复查尿蛋白阴性。

由于工作原因,患者平素不规律使用“诺和锐30针、拜糖平”治疗,自诉血糖控制尚可,体重较前增加,且时有腹胀,为更方便用药,欲调整治疗方案。

3、既往史:高血压病史,高脂血症史。

查体

体温:36.5 ℃,脉搏:80次/分,呼吸:19次/分,血压:116/70 mmHg。身高:170 cm,体重:76 kg,BMI:26.1 kg/m2。心肺腹查体无殊,双下肢无浮肿。

辅助检查

空腹血糖:4.74 mmol/L,餐后2小时血糖:8.17 mmol/L,HbA1c:6.3%。

胆固醇:2.99 mmol/L,甘油三酯:1.13 mmol/L,HDL-C:1.19 mmol/L,LDL-C:1.34 mmol/L。

尿微量白蛋白:<10.9 mg/L,24小时尿蛋白:75.6 mg/24h。

颈动脉及心脏超声:未见明显异常;神经电生理:未见明显异常;眼底及视网膜检查:糖尿病视网膜病变I期。


1、2型糖尿病,糖尿病视网膜病变I期;2、高血压病;3、高脂血症。

就诊主要问题

工作繁忙,进餐不规律,胰岛素注射不方便,常自行使用阿卡波糖代替,会“漏服”。

体重增加明显。

腹胀等消化道不适症状明显。

病例小结

1、患者2型糖尿病诊断明确,血糖控制尚可,并发症情况尚乐观。2、中年男性,工作繁忙,进餐不规律,常漏服药物。3、合并高血压病,高脂血症。4、体型超重。

个体化降糖策略

血糖控制平稳,追求方便、有效、安全的治疗方案。

不影响体重,延缓心脑血管病变等严重并发症的出现。

个体化血糖控制目标:HbA1c<7.0%。

选择降糖药物的因素

1、血糖控制达标;2、减少血糖波动;3、减少低血糖风险;4、减轻体重;5、治疗方案简单,对生活方式影响小;6、患者经济能力可以接受;7、患者的文化层次及自我管理能力。

治疗方案

1、西格列汀100 mg qd联合二甲双胍 500 mg bid;2、缬沙坦氢氯噻嗪,1粒 qd;3、阿托伐他汀降脂治疗。健康宣教,饮食运动宣教,生活方式干预贯穿整个治疗过程。

治疗后血糖

住院7天血糖:空腹血糖 4.9-6.9 mmol /L,餐后血糖 7.5-8.9 mmol/L,未发生低血糖反应。

出院后血糖:空腹血糖 4.8-6.8 mmol /L,餐后血糖 7.1-8.7 mmol/L。
1月后复诊:空腹血糖 5.1 mmol /L,餐后血糖 8.6 mmol/L,HbA1c:6.5%,体重减轻2 kg,未发生低血糖反应,无明显消化道反应,用药规则。
目前随访已经2年,血糖仍较平稳,未发生低血糖反应,体重无增加,未见心脑血管病变等并发症。

用药体会

1、根据2017 AACE指南血糖控制方案,并以患者需求为中心进行联合方案的选择,最终调整为二甲双胍联合西格列汀的方案。


(2017 AACE指南血糖控制方案)

2、需要根据患者血糖状况、自身状况、家庭和经济状况全面评估。

3、降糖目标:延缓病程进展,β细胞保护,减少整体心血管风险,耐受性好,实施以患者价值观为指导的治疗。

4、DPP-4抑制剂是国际指南推荐的2型糖尿病治疗药物之一,包括《2016 AACE/ACE共识声明》、《2015 NICE指南:成人2型糖尿病管理(NG.28)》等。《2014 IDF餐后血糖管理指南》中指出:DPP-4抑制剂和GLP-1衍生物能够显著减少餐后血糖漂移,降低HbA1c水平。

5、西格列汀单药能够全面改善FPG、PPG和HbA1c。

6、西格列汀联合二甲双胍能进一步改善血糖控制,FPG下降1.4 mmol/L,PPG(2小时)下降3.0 mmol/L,HbA1c下降1.0%。


图片引自:Curr Med Res Opin. 2008; 24(2): 537-550.

7、西格列汀能促进恢复胰岛形态结构,改善胰岛β细胞功能指标。


参考文献:Am J Med Sci, 2009, 337: 321-328.

8、美国FDA提出,降糖新药与心血管疾病风险评估原则,申请者必须证实该药物不会导致出现不可接受的心血管风险的增加。

TECOS研究是目前DPP-4抑制剂心血管安全性研究中历时最长、样本量大、亚太地区患者比例较高的经典临床研究。


图片引自:N Engl J Med. 2015; 373(3): 232-242.

结果表明,DPP-4抑制剂(西格列汀)不增加心血管死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、非致死性卒中或不稳定性心绞痛住院的复合终点事件,也不增加心衰住院或其他不良事件风险。

总结

1、21世纪初,以西格列汀为代表的DPP-4抑制剂类降糖药物首次问世,通过抑制DPP-4酶活性,延长内源性GLP-1活性发挥降糖作用。

2、不同类型的DPP-4抑制剂:药代动力学、肝肾功能不全的特殊人群用药均有所差异,西格列汀对DPP-4酶的抑制作用强、不增加心血管风险。

3、西格列汀作为首个DPP-4抑制剂,有以下特点:

1.单药/联合二甲双胍,能有效降低HbA1C、FPG、2h-PPG。2.安全性良好,低血糖少,不增加体重。3.一天一次,用药方便。4.全球广泛应用,经验丰富。

专家点评

张永姣  主任医师金华市中医医院糖尿病科,浙江省中西医结合糖尿病专业委员,浙江省中医药学会糖尿病分会委员,金华市中西医结合糖尿病专业主任委员,金华内分泌学会委员,从事临床工作20余年。

该患者在整个治疗和随访过程中,都取得了出乎意料的结局。患者有不良的生活方式,爱饮酒,经常应酬,作息不规律,胰岛素使用剂量较大(每日30u),但是用药依从性差。

面对这些客观问题,我们需要制定个体化治疗方案。最终,嘱患者停用胰岛素、并联合应用西格列汀100 mg qd和二甲双胍 500 mg bid,血糖控制理想。

DPP-4抑制剂联合二甲双胍,协同增效,并且能够改善胰岛素敏感性,体重下降明显,是肥胖合并糖尿病患者的理想用药方案。

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    2018-11-20 baoya
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    2018-04-24 yfjms

    学习

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    2018-04-23 changjiu

    学习一下谢谢

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    学习了受益匪浅

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