慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术后硬膜下脓肿形成的治疗

2018-05-24 崔晟华 梁日初 周敏 国际神经病学神经外科学杂志

慢性硬膜下血肿的手术方式首选钻孔引流,术后并发硬膜下脓肿较为罕见,发生率约为0.25%~2.1%,其致死率及致残率极高,国内外偶可见零星报道,其治疗方式多为再次置管引流,而选择开颅治疗极少。现就近来经我科开颅手术治疗的两例慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术后并发硬膜下脓肿的病例进行报道并做相关讨论。

【病例摘要】

慢性硬膜下血肿的手术方式首选钻孔引流,术后并发硬膜下脓肿较为罕见,发生率约为0.25%~2.1%,其致死率及致残率极高,国内外偶可见零星报道,其治疗方式多为再次置管引流,而选择开颅治疗极少。现就近来经我科开颅手术治疗的两例慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术后并发硬膜下脓肿的病例进行报道并做相关讨论。

病例一

【一般资料】

患者,女,60岁。

【主诉】

因“撞伤致间歇性头痛20余天”入院。

【体格检查】

生命体征平稳,无发热,神志清楚,精神欠佳,GCS=15分,无明显神经系统定位体征。

【辅助检查】

术前我院头颅MRI及CT示右侧额颞部慢性硬膜下血肿(图1,2)。



【治疗】

入院后完善术前检查,无明显手术禁忌,局麻下行“右侧慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术”,手术顺利,术后第一天复查CT提示术后改变、颅内积气(图3),术后第7天伤口拆线,针线孔有分泌物排出,伤口扩创,可见皮下有分泌物,伤口换药5天,仍有分泌物,并可见分泌物自骨孔内排出,伤口分泌物培养:金黄色葡萄球菌。复查头颅CT及MRI增强提示:硬膜下脓肿形成,脓肿腔有分隔(图4,5)。先于局麻下再次行"右侧钻孔引流术",术中发现血肿包膜厚、其内有分隔,需开颅彻底清除脓肿及血肿包膜,遂改全麻开颅手术,行"右侧额颞部慢性硬膜下血肿、脓肿清除+去骨瓣减压术"。术后予万古霉素+美罗培南抗感染,患者术后神志清楚,无发热,复查头颅CT平扫+增强示硬膜下脓肿基本清除(图6),术后11天患者顺利出院回当地医院继续抗感染治疗,出院时情况:患者神志清楚,生命体征平稳,双侧瞳孔等大等圆,直径3mm,对光反射灵敏,颈抗(-)头部伤口已拆线,III/甲愈合,骨窗压力不高,伸舌居中,颈软,四肢肌力肌张力正常(图7)。随访3月患者恢复可,未见脓肿复发(图8)。





病例二

【一般资料】

患者,男,64岁

【主诉】

因“双侧钻孔引流术后11天,发热7天”从外院转至我院。

【体格检查】

T38.9℃,神志嗜睡,双侧瞳孔等大等圆,直径2.5mm,对光反射灵敏,口角无歪斜,伸舌居中,颈抗(++),躁动不安,精神差,GCS=E3V4M6=13分。双侧顶结节处可见长约4cm手术切口,右侧已行再次清创缝合,伤口周围红肿,少量渗出,左侧可见切口后缘愈合不良,伤口裂开约1cm,挤压可见黄色脓血性分泌物流出,深浅反射存,无亢进,吞咽反射存,双眼睑无下垂。四肢可遵嘱活动,肌力4级,肌张力不高,双侧巴氏征阴性。外院已静脉使用美罗培南4天。

【辅助检查】

我院术前头颅CT及MRI示:右额颞顶硬膜下脓肿形成,左顶部可疑硬膜下脓肿形成。(图9,10,11)



【治疗】

入院后积极术前准备,于入院后第三天在全麻下行:(神经内镜下)左侧硬膜下探查+清创缝合+伤口引流+右侧额颞顶开颅+(显微镜下)硬膜下脓肿清除+清创+去骨瓣减压术。术中内镜下可见左侧硬膜下增生絮状物,未见脓液(图12),右侧硬膜下脓肿包膜完整,明显增厚,剪开包膜可见大量脓液流出,并可见蛛网膜下腔积脓,与软脑膜粘连紧密(图13~16)。





【讨论】

1.感染原因:国内外报道慢性硬膜下血肿术后并发硬膜下脓肿的原因多为远隔部位的血行感染,且多发生在首次钻孔术后1月至13年,单次钻孔术后发生率约为0.44%~1.8%,多次颅脑手术后发生率超过50%,致病菌多为链球菌属、葡萄球菌属和厌氧菌属,偶有真菌感染报道,病人多为免疫力低下者,年老者,恶性肿瘤术后,引流管留置超过3天以及先天畸形等。而此两例病人既往均体健,此次感染为首次术后1周左右发生,且均伴手术切口愈合不良,有脓性分泌物排出。病例一脓液培养为金黄色葡萄球菌,病例二脓液培养阴性,可能与术前已使用美罗培南一周有关,但脓肿包膜病理检查提示慢性化脓性炎症,支持感染诊断。二者可能感染源首先考虑为局部皮肤来源感染所致,提示与手术操作相关,故可解释本文所报道的病例发生时间为何与国内外文献所报道的时间有差异,进而提示术后1周左右发生的硬膜下脓肿首先考虑为局部感染直接蔓延所致,术后1月以上感染多为远隔部位血行感染所致,而这对于治疗和预防有重要指导意义。2.术前诊断及评估发热、头痛、呕吐是常见的硬膜下脓肿三联征,但真正临床表现典型者比例只有不到20%,因其高死亡率及致残率,所以早期诊断及评估尤为重要。硬膜下脓肿的影像学评估包括CT、MRI的平扫加增强扫描,以及磁共振弥散加权序列(DWI),DWI序列脓肿为高信号或者高低混杂信号影,单纯低信号者多不考虑脓肿(图11),CT、MRI增强扫描提示脓肿壁明显增厚强化。以上影像学检查多可用于慢性硬膜下血肿复发的鉴别诊断。部分病人难以单纯用影像学评估来早期诊断,有作者报道可用空心螺钉(hollowscrews)微创活检的方式取得标本来早期诊断。实验室检查包括腰穿,血、尿、粪常规检查,血培养,CRP监测等可用于动态疗效观察及评估。3.治疗方式国内外治疗策略多采用再次钻孔引流,冲洗,辅以全身静脉长时间应用敏感抗生素4~8周,少数病人采用开颅手术治疗。而此两例病人选择开颅手术方式的依据是术前影像学评估脓肿存在大量分隔,估计单纯钻孔难以彻底引流,而文献报道慢性硬膜下血肿假性包膜的存在被认为是细菌着床的关键部位,故需开颅彻底打通并清除脓液、脓肿分隔及包膜,同时去除可疑感染之骨瓣,术后持续引流数日。对于可疑硬膜下脓肿侧可术中辅以其他方式进行探查,根据探查情况决定手术方式,如使用神经内镜等。4.预后随着医疗技术的发展,近六十年以来,硬膜下脓肿的死亡率从40%降至10%,本篇所述两例病人预后均较好,未残留明显的神经系统受损体征。所以早期诊断以及正确及时的治疗至关重要。5.预防术后1周左右发生的硬膜下脓肿多为术区局部感染直接蔓延所致,因此手术的无菌操作成为预防其发生的重中之重,而手术流程的优化,无菌观念的加强,术前的备皮、消毒以及术后引流管早期拔除、换药等对于预防其发生同样重要。6.结论慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术后并发硬膜下脓肿虽然罕见,但仍偶有报道,凡存在既往颅脑手术,免疫力低下,引流管留置超过3天等高危因素者均应警惕脓肿的发生。影像学评估特别是CT、MRI的增强扫描以及DWI序列尤为重要,手术方式需依据术前影像学特征来合理选择,对于包膜厚、其内有分隔者可选择开颅手术,而无明显分隔者可尝试再次钻孔引流,静脉应用敏感抗生素一定要足量,足程。手术的无菌操作、术前的备皮、消毒以及术后引流管早期拔除、换药等对于预防其发生十分重要。





原始出处:

崔晟华, 梁日初, 周敏,等. 慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术后硬膜下脓肿形成的治疗[J]. 国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2017, 44(4):409-413.

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    2018-05-28 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-05-26 hunizi009
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    2018-05-24 baihao215

    学习了.谢谢啦

    0

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