Science:新冠疫苗究竟管用多久?可能受年龄和组织中B细胞记忆的差异影响

2021-04-30 生物探索 生物探索

新冠疫苗究竟能管多久?打了疫苗怎么还会得病?

疫苗之所以起作用,是因为我们人体内存在一种免疫细胞——记忆B细胞。当原始的记忆B细胞首次被某个抗原激活,便会大量增值,其中多数分化为浆细胞(效应B细胞)并产生抗体来清除感染,其余的则分化为记忆细胞。记忆细胞通常能存活数年,甚至是终生。那么,在新冠疫情蔓延的当下,新冠疫苗究竟能管多久?打了疫苗怎么还会得病?

近日,美国斯坦福大学Scott D. Boyd研究组在国际一流学术期刊《科学》杂志上发表了最新进展,题为“Shared B cell memory to coronaviruses and other pathogens varies in human age groups and tissues”,为这些问题提供了参考。研究人员发现,冠状病毒和其他病原体共享的B细胞记忆在人类年龄组别和组织中有所不同。

为了研究细胞免疫记忆在人一生中和跨组织中的变化,研究人员对6种常见病原体的特定免疫球蛋白重链(IGH)以及没有接触过埃博拉病毒和新型冠状病毒病毒的志愿者进行了表征。研究一共分析了12份脐带血(CB)样本、51名1至3岁(18岁)儿童的93份血样、17至87岁(18岁)健康成人的114份血样以及8名已故器官捐献者的血液、淋巴结和脾脏样本的趋同抗原特异性抗体基因。

儿童和成人疾病特异性趋同克隆的频率、类别转换和SHM

B细胞克隆一般分为三类:(1)仅含未突变IgM或IgD的幼稚克隆(unmutM/D);(2)出现抗原的IgM/D,中位SHM超过1%且没有类别转换成员(mutM/D);(3)具有类别转换成员的经历抗原的克隆(CS)。

研究结果表明,在脐带血样本中IGH频率融合性最低,儿童和成人的融合克隆多为mutM/D或CS,而在成人血样中,b型流感嗜血杆菌(Hib)、脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌(NM)和呼吸道合胞体病毒(RSV)的融合克隆主要是mutM/D克隆,而肺炎球菌(PP)、破伤风类毒素(TT)和流感克隆主要是CS克隆。但奇怪的是,儿童的Hib、PP、TT和RSV CS融合克隆的频率高于成人,这些克隆中也发现了突变的IgM或IgD。儿童血液中的融合克隆频率与疫苗接种时间没有显着相关。

融合B细胞克隆在组织中的分布

在8名成年死亡器官捐赠者的血液、脾脏、纵隔淋巴结(MDLN)和肠系膜淋巴结(MSLN)的分析中,成人淋巴结和脾脏中Hib、NM、PP、TT、RSV和流感的融合克隆频率高于血液。成人淋巴结和儿童血液具有更多的融合性克隆,显示了这些克隆在儿童和成人中的不同分布。

之前有报道认为针对细菌荚膜多糖的特异性B细胞在脾脏中富集,脾切除患者易受这些细菌的感染。然而,现有的观察数据显示,淋巴结中Hib、NM和PP的收敛克隆频率与脾脏相似或更高。人类淋巴结中的B细胞数量大于脾脏,这都表明脾脏不是这些克隆的唯一储蓄站。

SARS-CoV-2和EBOV的融合克隆

在未患COVID-19疾病或患病之前的样本中,研究人员发现SARS-CoV-2的融合克隆在儿童血液中更常见。51例儿童中有37例出现SHM伴或不伴CS,表明既往有抗原经验。成人血液和淋巴组织中SARS-CoV2收敛克隆的频率低于儿童,CS的例子很少。说明与成年人相比,儿童的血液中有更高频率的融合B细胞克隆。

总之,这篇文章揭示了 B细胞记忆因病原体不同而不同。多糖抗原特异性克隆并不局限于脾脏。成人在淋巴组织中的克隆频率和类别转换比血液高,而儿童血液中有丰富的类别转换融合克隆。研究结果强调了儿童早期B细胞克隆扩增和交叉反应性在未来对新病原体反应中的重要性。

原始出处:

Fan Yang, et al. Shared B cell memory to coronaviruses and other pathogens varies in human age groups and tissues. Science 12 Apr 2021: eabf6648. DOI: 10.1126/science.abf6648.

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    2021-04-28 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

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