Nature:高脂肪低碳水竟能抑制肿瘤生长?

2018-07-05 佚名 学术经纬

在今日的《自然》杂志上,来自哥伦比亚大学和康奈尔大学的一支联合团队在线发表了一篇正文只有 2 页的论文。他们的这项最新研究虽然简短,但意义重大——它表明生酮饮食竟能提高部分患者的抗癌能力。

“生酮饮食”是近年来兴起的一个名词。这类饮食提倡摄入高脂肪和低碳水,听起来非常反常识。但许多研究表明,这样的饮食结构竟能对健康带来好处。不久前,我们也报道过生酮饮食能如何对大脑带来裨益,这项有趣的研究也发表在了《细胞》上。

仅仅过去了一个多月,生酮饮食又再次登上了顶尖学术期刊。在今日的《自然》杂志上,来自哥伦比亚大学和康奈尔大学的一支联合团队在线发表了一篇正文只有 2 页的论文。他们的这项最新研究虽然简短,但意义重大——它表明生酮饮食竟能提高部分患者的抗癌能力。

初听之下,这有些“不科学”的味道。我们都在许多虚假广告中听说过癌症食疗,但其中大多都被证明是无效的做法。《自然》的这篇论文,是要给食疗打一个翻身仗?

并没有那么简单。为了看懂这款饮食疗法,我们先要了解一下 PI3K 这个经典的蛋白。科学家们早就发现,PI3K 的突变会导致癌症。事实上,这也是人类最为常见的致癌原因之一。针对这个蛋白,人们早早就开发出了 PI3K 抑制剂,以求对癌症进行控制和治疗。然而,这些药物的效果却不甚稳定,在不同的患者身上有着较大的起伏。研究人员们对此也感到一头雾水。

后续的研究发现,由于 PI3K 自身在细胞中扮演了极为关键的作用,一旦其功能得到抑制,细胞的诸多功能就会出现紊乱。譬如,在 PI3K 抑制剂的作用下,多种组织的糖代谢会出现异常,导致血糖上升。

研究人员们猜测,或许这就是 PI3K 疗效不稳定的原因。我们知道,肿瘤生长需要大量的能量,而上升的血糖给了它们可趁之机。更糟糕的是,血糖的上升会诱发胰岛素水平的提高,而胰岛素能诱导 PI3K 信号通路的激活。这会让 PI3K 抑制剂的功效大大折扣。在小鼠实验和体外实验中,这两个假设都得到了数据的支持。


▲生酮饮食能降低血糖,效果甚至超过了糖尿病“神药”二甲双胍(图片来源:《自然》)

那么,有什么办法能改变这个不幸的事实呢?研究人员们想到了饮食与药物的调控。对于前者而言,生酮饮食无疑是具有潜力的选择。先前,不少研究表明生酮饮食能快速消耗肝糖原的储存,从而减少 PI3K 抑制剂带来的血糖上升,并增加机体对胰岛素的敏感性,减少体内的胰岛素水平。

在小鼠实验中,生酮饮食的潜力也得到了验证。研究表明,这种饮食能显着抑制血糖和胰岛素水平的上升,效果与另一类降糖药 SGLT2 抑制剂类似。有趣的是,常见的糖尿病治疗“神药”二甲双胍却没有如此好的效果。这些结果表明生酮饮食的确有望填补 PI3K 抑制剂的短板。


▲生酮饮食结合 PI3K 抑制剂,可以显着延长小鼠的生存期(图片来源:《自然》)

而在进一步的研究中,科学家们表明,生酮饮食结合 PI3K 抑制剂,可以显着缩小肿瘤尺寸,并延长小鼠的生存期。这表明食疗与药物治疗能相辅相成,控制癌症。

但研究人员们也指出,尽管取得了优异的结果,这项研究依然处于早期,能否转化为人类的临床结果,还不得而知。此外,生酮饮食也不是万能药。对于另外一些癌症类型来说,这类饮食结构可能还会带来坏处。但至少,我们在一些癌症的模型里,已经看到了此类饮食的潜力。如果这一实验结果能得到人体试验的重复,或许在未来,饮食结构也会成为癌症治疗的标配。

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    2018-07-07 docwu2019
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    2018-07-06 kafei

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-07-06 186****0580(小山羊)

    学习了谢谢了

    0

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    2018-07-05 flysky120

    研究到使用还有多远距离

    0

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