PNAS:破解体外受精胚胎缺陷的谜团

2016-12-29 生物通 生物通

导读 有一个孩子,是许多不育夫妇的梦想。成千上万的孩子通过体外受精(IVF)出生,IVF是指哺乳动物的精子和卵子在体外人工控制的环境中,完成受精过程。然而,当一个精子与一个卵子在试管内受精时,所获得的胚胎往往有缺陷。

导读 有一个孩子,是许多不育夫妇的梦想。成千上万的孩子通过体外受精(IVF)出生,IVF是指哺乳动物的精子和卵子在体外人工控制的环境中,完成受精过程。然而,当一个精子与一个卵子在试管内受精时,所获得的胚胎往往有缺陷。



1月4日在《PNAS》杂志上发表的一项研究中,加拿大蒙特利尔大学医院研究中心(CRCHUM)的研究人员,发现了理解“发育的胚胎如何会发生这些异常现象”的一个重要元素。


蒙特利尔大学教授、CRCHUM研究员Greg FitzHarris指出:“用于生育治疗的胚胎中,大约有一半胚胎具有一些含有错误染色体数目的细胞。这些所谓的‘混合(mosaic)’胚胎被认为是质量不好,许多诊所都选择不把它们转移到女性子宫内。通过研究小鼠胚胎,我们发现,在发育的胚胎中,有缺陷的细胞通过一种机制进行分裂和延续。”

在小鼠体内,正常卵母细胞(卵子)包含20条染色体,而在人类中则包含23条染色体。在细胞中的染色体数目异常,称为非整倍体,是生殖生物学中一个众所周知的问题。FitzHarris说:“在卵子和胚胎中,非整倍性通常是与不孕不育有关系。然而,非整倍体细胞在胚胎中出现的原因一直都是神秘的。采用尖端的显微镜技术,我们可以辨别主核旁边的小卫星样结构,称为微核。通过监测这些含有微核的细胞如何分裂,我们观察到,来自微核的遗传物质只传递给了子细胞。这表明,微核产生了非整倍体,这反过来又导致了混合胚胎。”

这是在小鼠体内获得的发现,但是可能人类当中也存在相同的机制。选择最佳的胚胎是体外受精成功的关键。在生育诊所中,在受孕后三或五天、将其转移到女方子宫中之前,要进行一次胚胎的形态学检查。为了检查它是否是一个混合胚胎,有时要进行一种程序,去除胚胎细胞并进行基因分析。这种方法是复杂的、昂贵的和侵入性的。蒙特利尔大学健康中心(CHUM)辅助生殖诊所的医学主任Jacques Kadoch指出:“这个发现很重要,因为如果未来的研究表明人类中也存在相同的现象,它就可以提供非整倍体的早期无创检测。”

分离混合胚胎的问题是有争议的。一些临床医生认为,不应该使用有缺陷的胚胎。其他一些医生则认为,混合胚胎可以产生健康的婴儿,从而表明胚胎可以自然修复自我。但是,撇弃是否使用混合胚胎的争论,更好地了解胚胎发育所涉及的机制,是至关重要的,并开辟了一个全新的研究领域。FitzHarris认为:“我们想了解如何帮助胚胎正常发育,因为最终我们想要提高依赖于医学辅助生殖方法的不孕夫妇的成功几率。”

在IVF中,只有30%至50%的移植胚胎会导致怀孕,因此,选择最佳的胚胎,并确保它们在受孕第一天是健康的,对医生和不孕不育夫妇来说是一个重大挑战。

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    2017-01-17 drwjr
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    2016-12-31 ailian1202
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