宝宝“抽”二手烟,危害远远超乎你的想象……

2016-06-11 沐子伊森 医学界

据估计,全世界大约有13亿吸烟者,而这一数字仍在逐年增加。更值得忧虑的是,吸烟除了会伤害吸烟者自身,也往往会对周围的非吸烟者带来危害。其中处于特殊生长发育期的儿童已成为最大受害人群。据调查,我国吸烟人数已达3.5亿,而暴露于二手烟的人群高达 50%——60%,即有5.4亿人群遭受被动吸烟的危害,其中15岁以下儿童1.8亿[1]。 二手烟最大的受害者是儿童、青少年 调査资料显示,全球13〜15岁

据估计,全世界大约有13亿吸烟者,而这一数字仍在逐年增加。更值得忧虑的是,吸烟除了会伤害吸烟者自身,也往往会对周围的非吸烟者带来危害。其中处于特殊生长发育期的儿童已成为最大受害人群。据调查,我国吸烟人数已达3.5亿,而暴露于二手烟的人群高达 50%——60%,即有5.4亿人群遭受被动吸烟的危害,其中15岁以下儿童1.8亿[1]。

二手烟最大的受害者是儿童、青少年

调査资料显示,全球13〜15岁青少年有60%处于被动吸烟的危害中,被调查的青少年中49%的家庭有吸烟者,儿童、青少年特有的生理特性决定了其对环境毒物的易感性较成人高,因而被动吸烟所受到的危害也更加严重。

被动吸烟直接影响儿童呼吸系统

被动吸烟是儿科疾病的因素,烟草烟雾直接影响儿童、青少年的呼吸系统,二手烟烟雾小颗粒随吸入气流大部分被黏附于鼻黏膜,其余多在气流经过上呼吸道时形成涡流促使颗粒碰撞而沉积,大部分随气流进人下呼吸道。二手烟使呼吸道过滤、湿化、加温、清除、分泌、防御、免疫等功能受损,因而被动吸烟儿童肺活量低,患感冒、急性支气管炎、肺炎、支气管哮喘及肺不张等疾病概率远远高于无被动吸烟的儿童。[2]随被动吸烟量的增大、家庭成员吸烟年限的延长,儿童患呼吸系统疾病的次数也逐渐增加。

被动吸烟还是儿童癌症的一个主要风险因素

母亲吸烟的儿童癌症发病风险是未吸烟母亲儿童的1.11倍,白血病发病风险是1.14倍。被动吸烟,尤其是儿童被动吸烟,其成年后患肺癌的风险增加70%,且患肺癌的风险与被动吸烟的时间成正比。有研究发现,对暴露于吸烟环境中10年的儿童用MRI检査发现,1/3二手烟的儿童肺的超微结构改变与吸烟者相似,这些肺部改变主要是轻度肺气肿。此外二手烟还与儿童大脑肿瘤和淋巴瘤发病有关。

被动吸烟可增加血液中低密度脂蛋白和降低高密度脂蛋白,同时,吸入的一氧化碳降低了血红蛋白携氧能力,并使血红蛋白释放氧的速度减慢,损害了血管内皮功能,使儿童青少年动脉壁发生脂质沉积及血管痉挛,为成年后动脉粥样硬化埋下病理基础及血栓事件的危险,亦即动脉硬化起病在儿童青少年,发病在中年,血栓在中老年。

因为父母吸烟而暴露于二手烟的婴幼儿,患婴儿猝死综合征的危险更高。被动吸烟对于儿童健康的危害,影响到儿童生长发育的各个阶段,被动吸烟儿童的身高、体重均低于非被动吸烟者,且被动吸烟量越大,体重越轻。被动吸烟也影响儿童青少年神经系统、心理智力的发育,长期处于被动吸烟环境中的儿童可出现精力不集中、头昏、头痛等现象,还可出现多动、焦虑、失眠、反社会行为等精神和行为问题[3]。

参考文献

[1]杨功焕,胡鞍钢.《控烟与中国未来—中外专家中国烟草使用与烟草控制联合评估报告》[M]. 北京:经济日报出版社, 2011:007.

[2]Stosic L,Milutinovic S,Lazarevic K,et al. Household environmental tobacco smoke and respiratory diseases among children in Nis (Serbia)[J]. Cent Eur J Pub He,2012,20(1):29-32.

[3]Jones LL, Hashim A, Mc Keever T, et al. Parental and household smoking and the increased risk of bronchitis, bronchiolitis and other lower respiratory infections in infancy: systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Respir Res,2011,12(1):5.


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    2017-01-09 ys2323

    发给老公看看。

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    2016-06-27 yde2801fm***3926(暂无匿称)

    保护身边人群,拒绝公众场合吸烟。

    0

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    2016-06-16 jaysppr

    杜绝公共场合吸烟

    0

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    2016-06-16 jaysppr

    保护周围的人,尽量少吸烟

    0

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    2016-06-12 风中野草

    看数据,好可怕

    0

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