迎战耐药风险,合理使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物

2021-12-17 路明,刘超 北京大学第三医院感染疾病科 SIFIC感染视界

临床实践中,需要不断优化碳青霉烯类抗生素的应用,做好病原体的耐药监测,从而为感染性疾病的防诊治提供重要的保障。

一、我国细菌耐药现况

广谱抗生素的应用增多可致使病原体潜在耐药风险增加。我国耐药细菌监测网2020年报告显示,革兰氏阴性菌株仍占据主导地位,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌位列前四位。

碳青霉烯类抗生素曾被认为是抗感染治疗的最后一道防线,但值得关注的是除大肠埃希菌之外,肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌均对碳青霉烯类抗生素(亚胺培南、美罗培南)保持较高耐药态势,这给感染性疾病的治疗和防控带来了严峻挑战。究其原因主要为β内酰胺酶以及外排泵的耐药机制。更为重要的是,越来越多的研究报道了高毒力多耐药菌株的出现,给公共卫生带来巨大威胁,故而世界卫生组织将其列为紧急威胁

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二、临床常用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物

碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强,对需氧、厌氧菌均具有抗菌作用,特别是对多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌,如产超广谱β—内酰胺酶(ESBL)肠杆菌科细菌具很强抗菌活性。

 《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则(2015 年版)》明确提出,碳青霉烯类抗菌药物临床应用适应证如下:多重耐药但对本类药物敏感的需氧革兰阴性杆菌所致严重感染;脆弱拟杆菌等厌氧菌与需氧菌混合感染的重症患者;病原菌尚未查明的严重免疫缺陷患者感染的经验治疗。目前临床实践中鉴于其强大的抗菌作用,碳青霉烯类抗菌药物多用于产ESBL的革兰阴性杆菌(GNB)。

现阶段临床较为常用的碳青霉烯类抗生素主要为亚胺培南-西司他丁、美罗培南和厄他培南,此外还包括比阿培南、帕尼培南等。但上述碳青霉烯类抗生素在抗感染治疗方面亦存在部分差别。厄他培南多用于社区获得性感染,比如社区获得性腹腔感染、泌尿系感染、皮肤软组织感染以及社区获得性肺炎等;厄他培南虽不常用于医院获得性耐碳青霉烯肠杆菌(CRE)所致感染,但有研究显示厄他培南与亚胺培南/美罗培南联用,能起到消耗CRE产生的碳青霉烯酶从而使得亚胺培南/美罗培南达到治疗效果的优势。但需要注意的是,对于非发酵菌,如假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、黄杆菌属,并不建议应用厄他培南进行治疗。

三、对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药菌株,还可以选择碳青霉烯类抗生素吗?

尽管碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药菌株不断出现,碳青霉烯类抗生素在治疗对碳青霉烯类耐药细菌所致感染中仍具有重要的地位。

肠杆菌科细菌呈现碳青霉烯耐药表型的主要机制主要是产碳青霉烯酶。其主要包括Ambler分类的A类、B类和D类。其中A类以KPCGES常见,目前流行病学调查显示KPC是我国CRE的主要耐药原因;B类为金属酶,主要集中在NDMIMPVIMSIMGIM等,近年来NDMIMPVIM的检出占据一席之地;D类主要包括OXA-48OXA-23OXA-51,主要存在肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌中。

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首先我们需要明确的是,CRE感染导致血流感染、医院获得性下呼吸道感染、腹腔感染、皮肤及软组织感染、尿路感染适用于联合治疗方案。对于高死亡风险的CRE感染患者,产金属酶的CRE感染,联合抗感染治疗方案能显著降低死亡率。具体来说,以美罗培南MIC≤8mg/L为折点,含碳青霉烯治疗方案的住院死亡风险、细菌清除率失败风险显著更低。

那么,基于不同种类抗生素的联合应用是否会取得“1+12”的协同效果呢?最新的一项系统综述显示,碳青霉烯联合氨基糖苷类/或联合多黏菌素B等对CRKP具有较高协同效应,尤其是针对多粘菌素存在异质性耐药的菌株。在体内体外模型中,对于产KPC酶的CRKP,碳青霉烯类联合氨基糖甙类方案具有较高的协同效应。

此外,对于泛耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌来说,仍需要基于碳青霉烯类抗生素的三联抗感染治疗方案。此外,一项欧洲感染和临床微生物协会(ESCMID)调研关于耐碳青霉烯革兰阴性菌联合治疗现状的调研报告显示:碳青霉烯联合方案(联合多黏菌素或替加环素)是最常用的双联合方案之一。

四、合理应用抗生素

随着免疫缺陷宿主和重症感染人群的增多,使得宿主暴露碳青霉烯类抗生素的风险大大增加,如不能合理应用碳青霉烯类抗生素,将可能导致我们面临无药可用的境地。因此,国家层面出台了一系列的抗生素应用指导原则,以期为抗生素的合理精准应用提供重要的依据。近年来,随着我国各种抗生素应用指南共识的出台,取得了可喜的成果。铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率有降低趋势。但在临床真实世界中,精准应用抗生素不仅仅局限在抗生素的选择上,其还包括抗生素的早期应用、抗生素的输注方式和时长的选择,感染灶的明确等。

毋庸置疑的是,病原学的精准快速检出仍是感染性疾病防诊治的核心。目前临床较常用的病原学检测方法主要为传统的培养和基于核酸的PCR检测方法,随着高通量测序技术的快速发展和成本的显著降低,使得测序技术亦逐步应用于临床感染性疾病病原学的快检。病原学快检技术的不断革新,为临床感染性疾病抗生素的早期精准应用提供了重要的保障。

此外,感染性疾病诊疗中需要特别关注的另一个方面就是宿主因素,简单的说就是感染部位、抗生素暴露、基础疾病状态(例如是否存在免疫抑制)、目前用药是否存在拮抗等等诸多因素。因此,合理应用抗生素需要整合当地病原体流行病学、微生物检测结果等病原学特征,以及感染部位、类型等多种宿主相关因素。综上所述,碳青霉烯类抗生素是一把双刃剑,其抗菌效果虽然强大,但是过度不合理使用可使得对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药菌株的增加。

因此,临床实践中,我们需要不断优化碳青霉烯类抗生素的应用,做好病原体的耐药监测,从而为感染性疾病的防诊治提供重要的保障。

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    2021-12-19 lhlxtx
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    2021-12-18 ms2000001957642894

    合理应用

    0

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