“中药副作用比西药小” 这一说法有事实或理论依据吗?

2018-02-18 张艳菊 北京儿童医院药学部 药事管理

有些报道矛头指向中药的安全性,却看不到其背后的真正原因。

要回答这个问题,我们首先要明确几个概念。什么是药品的副作用,什么是中药?

1、药品副作用

要明确“药品的副作用”这个概念,我们不得不提到“药品不良反应”的概念。

药品不良反应(Adverse event),是指合格药品在正常用法用量下出现的与用药目的无关的有害反应。在内容上排除了因药物滥用、超量误用、不按规定方法使用药品及质量问题等情况所引起的反应。而药品不良反应又分为A、B两类,A类反应主要是药品的毒副作用,B类则是特异质或特应性反应。“副作用”则是A类反应中的一种情况,即当一种药物具有多种作用时,除治疗作用之外的其他作用都可认为是副作用。副作用常是一过性的,药物的治疗作用消失,反应也消退,但有时也会造成较严重的后果,它的发生与否和药物在体内浓度的高低(或剂量大小)密切相关。

2、中药

中药(Traditional Chinese Medicine)是指以中医药理论为指导,有着独特的理论体系和应用形式,用于预防和治疗疾病的天然药物及其加工代用品,主要包括植物药、动物药、矿物药。这里需要明确的是,中药必须是以中医药理论为指导,也就是说同样的药物没有在中医药理论指导下应用,也不能称为“中药”。

有了上述两个概念,下面我们讨论中药副作用的问题。中医用药的精髓在于“辨证论治”,是个体化治疗和用药的绝佳体现。中医认为所有药物都存在偏性,均是毒药。药物治疗即是用药物的偏性来纠正人体的偏性(疾病)。如果是在辩证准确的情况下,那么药物的选择和使用剂量即疗程即是对当前疾病起治疗作用的,不存在副作用的情况。但当今医疗行业存在诸多问题,如中医医术良莠不齐,辩证不准而用药选择错误;用药疗程过长;或不辩证而开具中药(严格说这种情况不能算是中药)等,而导致在剂量范围内的中药没有起到治疗作用却凸显了与用药目的无关的不良反应或副作用。举几个例子,比如前几年的龙胆泻肝丸导致肾衰事件,何首乌导致肝损害事件等。这些报道矛头指向是中(成)药的安全性,却看不到其背后的真正原因。

上述观点主要对象为中草药,而对于中成药,作为固定处方的商品上市,使中药处方“同质化”后,损失了辩证论治,随证加减的中药使用特点。因此,如果患者有某个中成药的部分适应证而使用了该药,那么有可能产生不在治疗目的内的不良反应。就容易出现我们所提到的“副作用”。这是中药商品化后的一个弊端。

综上,我们认为:

(1)传统意义上的“中药”,是不存在“副作用”这一概念的;

(2)由于辩证不当(包括药物的选择、疗程过长、剂量过大等)使用中药或由于医生诊断偏差以及中成药局限性而出现的副作用,是存在的;

(3)由于中药质量问题、品种的混淆、用药差错等出现的中药不良反应,不在本文讨论之列;

(4)无论是中(成)药还是西药,如果使用不当均会出现“副作用”,不存在大小的比较关系,因此,“中药副作用比西药小”这一说法是没有依据的。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1824277, encodeId=4fa818242e7f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=56a932e7800' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#副作用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32778, encryptionId=56a932e7800, topicName=副作用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8f0715, createdName=showtest, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 08:03:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1555618, encodeId=3edd155561888, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dcd89053994' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#西药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90539, encryptionId=dcd89053994, topicName=西药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4b4014636852, createdName=minzju5057, createdTime=Mon Feb 19 21:03:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288929, encodeId=ab3228892918, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Sun Feb 18 15:59:42 CST 2018, time=2018-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288829, encodeId=6069288829b9, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRk75KAEKrLGic0S0IvH1aNynsEFQWiaNKdtzvtwj2kafCoPg2icYVbrfBCFiaS74X1uEiaaTTY1H9Xyem/0, createdBy=cec11614828, createdName=chunjianf, createdTime=Sun Feb 18 07:22:07 CST 2018, time=2018-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-19 minzju5057
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    2018-02-18 wxl882001

    学习一下

    0

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    2018-02-18 chunjianf

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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