早诊早治 打造我国胃癌筛查新模式

2018-04-02 张亮 医师报

降低我国胃癌的发病率和病死率是函待解决的重要公共卫生健康问题。近日,中国早期胃癌筛查流程专家共识意见(草案),(2017,上海)发表。据悉,该共识进一步细化《中国早期胃癌筛查及内镜诊治共识意见(2014,长沙)》并确立适合我国国情的早期胃癌筛查流程。


降低我国胃癌的发病率和病死率是函待解决的重要公共卫生健康问题。近日,中国早期胃癌筛查流程专家共识意见(草案),(2017,上海)发表。据悉,该共识进一步细化《中国早期胃癌筛查及内镜诊治共识意见(2014,长沙)》并确立适合我国国情的早期胃癌筛查流程。

【共识·对话】

李兆申:呼吁胃癌筛查升至国家计划

“消灭”中晚期癌症的必由之路

“我国消化道肿瘤病例占全球近50%,其中近85%胃肠癌患者在确诊时属于中晚期,不管采取何种治疗手段,5年生存率仅有27.4%,使家庭和社会承受沉重负担。究其原因是胃肠癌早期诊断率极低,让人十分痛心。”

中国医师协会内镜分会会长、海军军医大学附属长海医院消化内科李兆申院士表示,与消化道肿瘤高发相对应的是,我国早期胃癌诊断率较低,大多数患者发现时已是中晚期。这有很大一部分原因是由于缺乏定期检查的习惯,没有早筛查、早诊断,等到出现明显症状再去就诊时,往往已经到了中晚期。

“通过同道们近些年的努力,我国胃癌、食管癌的早期检出率有所提高,但总体仍然很低。对于晚期胃肠癌患者,不论采取什么治疗手段,都难以达到理想的结果。导致生存率较低,与发达国家相比有很大差距。”李院士表示,全国性的消化道恶性肿瘤防控体系尚未建立,缺乏符合我国国情的消化道癌症筛查方案和政府方面的支持措施,公众对胃肠癌筛查知晓率和依从性低,限制了消化道恶性肿瘤的早诊早治策略的有效推广。

李院士指出,胃肠癌筛查和早诊早治是实现“健康中国”的必由之路。建议胃肠癌筛查首先应上升到“国家计划”,可通过设立专项财政资金,在相关政策和资金的支持下,开展覆盖基层的“中高危人群-无创检查初筛-消化内镜精查-内镜切除或监测”四阶段防控工作。要尽快制定符合我国国情筛查方案并全国推广。在此基础上,还应调配电视、社区科普、新媒体及社交平台等多种权威媒体资源,助力权威科普知识的散播。

杜奕奇:建立新型胃癌筛查评分系统

风险分层管理提升筛查效率

“同为胃癌高发国家,我国早期胃癌的诊治率低于10%,远低于邻国日本(70%)和韩国(50%)。”究其原因,海军医科大学附属长海医院消化内科杜奕奇教授指出,日韩具有比较完善的胃癌预防和筛查体系,内镜筛查得到大力推广和普及。

“胃癌早期筛查是提高胃癌生存率的有效途径,我国开展胃癌早期筛查势在必行。”杜教授表示,《中国癌症防治三年行动计划(2015-2017年)》明确指出,在我国需要推广和完善癌症筛查及早诊早治策略,扩大癌症筛查和早诊早治覆盖面,力争重点地区、重点癌症早诊率达到50%。因此,在自然人群中推行早期胃癌筛查措施和高危人群进行内镜精查策略,是改变我国胃癌诊治严峻形势的可行且高效的途径。

杜教授指出,过去对胃癌高危人群的定义较为笼统,仅仅通过问卷调查(包括饮食习惯和家族史)得知的信息可信度较低,没有客观依据,而且耗时太长,因此需要一个精准的定位方式将需要进行胃镜检查的人群筛查出来,并动员其进行胃镜检查。

“本次共识的最大亮点是建立了‘定量’的风险评分系统,使我国具有了适合中国国情的可操作的风险分层管理方法。”杜教授指出,该筛查系统不管是对于早期胃癌还是进展期胃癌,都具有优势。采用新型胃癌筛查评分系统,可以显著提高筛查效率,对胃癌发生风险最高的人群采取内镜精查策略,从而提高早期胃癌诊断率,同时可针对相对低风险人群采取适合的随访策略,节约医疗资源。

【亮点·分享】

建立“定量”胃癌风险评分系统

本共识的最大亮点是建立了“定量”的风险评分系统,使我国具有了适合中国国情的可操作的风险分层管理方法(表1)。

该系统包含五个变量,总分 0~23 分,分为三个等级:高危人群(17~23 分)、中危人群(12~16 分)、低危人群(0~11 分)。

表1  新型胃癌筛查评分系统

建立早期胃癌筛查流程

参考国内外的既往胃癌筛查方法,结合国内最新的临床证据,建议推荐的早期胃癌筛查流程(图1)。



注:PG为胃蛋白酶原,G-17为血清胃泌素17,Hp为幽门螺杆菌,ESD为内镜黏膜下剥离术

图1 早期胃癌筛查的推荐流程

【要点·解读

筛查概念更改及目标人群范围更新

既往筛查对象多采用“高危人群”这一概念,但这一概念容易引起混淆,且使筛查对象产生较大精神压力,因此,共识意见中筛查对象采用国外常用的“胃癌风险人群”或“胃癌筛查目标人群”的表述。

本共识仍遵循 2014 版共识的规定,筛查范围为:凡是年龄在 40 岁以上,并且符合下列各项其中之一,属于胃癌风险人群,需要积极进行筛查:

★胃癌高发地区人群;

★幽门螺杆菌感染者;

★患有萎缩性胃炎、胃溃疡、胃息肉、手术后残胃、肥厚性胃炎、恶性贫血等疾病;

★胃癌患者的一级亲属(父母、子女、兄弟姐妹);

★存在胃癌其他风险因素(高盐、腌制食物、吸烟、重度饮酒等)。

从实践出发  筛查方法更新

血清学检测项目  仍推荐血清胃蛋白酶原 Ⅰ、Ⅱ(PGⅠ、PGⅡ)、血清胃泌素17(G-17)、Hp 抗体等项目,认为能较好地反映胃黏膜萎缩及胃癌发生的风险。

血清学检测临界值  共识在我国近 15 000 例胃癌风险人群研究的结果的基础上,首次提出适合我国人群的血清学检测临界值。研究表明,当胃蛋白酶原比值(PGR)低于 3.89,G-17 高于 1.50 pmol/L 时,胃癌的发生风险显著增高。

血清肿瘤学标志物  常用的 CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、CA125、CA242 等被认为在早期胃癌中的阳性率极低,因此不推荐作为筛查方法。

但本共识首次提出我国自主发现的新型胃癌标志物 MG7 对胃癌诊断的敏感性及特异性均较高,值得进一步研究。MG7 是由西京消化病医院樊代明院士团队发现并深入研究的。

幽门螺杆菌检测  与 2014 版不同的是,对 Hp 感染的检测增加了尿素呼气试验。

内镜检查  目前,仍推荐对非侵入性方法筛查出的高风险人群进行有目的的内镜精查策略,而不推荐进行普通人群中大规模内镜筛查。

此外,还首次提出了磁控胶囊胃镜系统具有与胃镜相似的敏感性及特异性,是一种可供选择的筛查方式。

共识否定了上消化道钡餐的价值,不再推荐于胃癌筛查。

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胃癌是世界范围内最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,我国是胃癌的高发区,其死亡率位居恶性肿瘤第2位。由于早期胃癌无特异性症状和体征,患者就诊率低,且我国胃镜普查比例亦不高,使早期胃癌检出率低,84%患者发现时已处于进展期。而日本的早期胃癌占检出胃癌总数的80%以上,韩国为46%~67%。 胃癌的预后与其分期直接相关,早期胃癌术后5年生存率>95%,而进展期为20%~30%。早期诊断、早期治疗对于提高胃