手术技巧:腘绳肌腱自体移植重建慢性断裂的髌韧带

2015-01-14 何勇槟 丁香园

髌韧带断裂相对少见且断裂后较难修复,而学者对慢性髌韧带断裂的重建也提出了不少手术方式。传统的延迟重建慢性断裂的髌韧带预后不尽如人意,常常随着治疗出现如股四头肌挛缩和萎缩、无力,瘢痕形成,丧失膝关节屈曲度等并发症,而且也可能因为植入固定物(如环扎钢丝)断裂、刺穿组织而需要再次手术取出。 为改善患者预后,Ahmad M. Wagih等学者提出一种新的手术方式来重建慢性断裂的髌韧带,该手术方式

髌韧带断裂相对少见且断裂后较难修复,而学者对慢性髌韧带断裂的重建也提出了不少手术方式。传统的延迟重建慢性断裂的髌韧带预后不尽如人意,常常随着治疗出现如股四头肌挛缩和萎缩、无力,瘢痕形成,丧失膝关节屈曲度等并发症,而且也可能因为植入固定物(如环扎钢丝)断裂、刺穿组织而需要再次手术取出。

为改善患者预后,Ahmad M. Wagih等学者提出一种新的手术方式来重建慢性断裂的髌韧带,该手术方式使用腘绳肌腱自体移植来修复断裂的髌韧带,短期效果良好,术后9至12周去除支撑锁,大部分患者膝关节可有大于90度甚至达到120度的屈曲以及完全的伸展,同时股四头肌可达到健侧85%的力度。相关结果发表在2014年出版的Tech Orthop杂志上,现将手术技巧介绍如下:

纳入慢性髌韧带断裂患者,且患者因膝关节屈曲度小和肌肉力量弱而导致难以行走。查体可见患者具有高位髌骨、股四头肌力量弱、膝关节屈曲度45度;若患者已行植入固定术且术后钢丝断裂,则膝关节X线常可显示高位髌骨、断裂的环扎钢丝、胫骨粗隆上松动的松质骨螺钉(图1、2)。

1.png

图1 侧位X线显示高位髌骨、断裂的环扎钢丝、胫骨粗隆上松动的松质骨螺钉

2.png

图2 前面观示屈曲90度的膝关节上高位的髌骨

常规术前准备,止血带加压,自髌骨至胫骨粗隆正中垂直切开(或切开超过原有瘢痕范围),若有断裂钢丝和松动螺钉则取出。松解髌骨与股骨滑车间的粘连,使髌骨可下移;切开髌韧带与胫骨粘连的瘢痕(图3)。

3.png

图3 松解粘连后切开髌韧带瘢痕组织

沿着切口中间切开,暴露鹅足状穿入物,半腱肌跟股薄肌肌腱用开放型肌腱剥离器剥离,同时保留其与胫骨的附着(图4、5)。在与肌腱穿入物相近的胫骨上横向钻孔,孔径与肌腱直径相近,约4-5mm。上述两肌腱用可吸收牵引针缝合后,从胫骨上的钻孔由内侧横穿到外侧(图6、7)。在髌骨中部同样横向钻孔,将肌腱由孔中从外侧向内侧穿出并回到肌腱的附着点,把肌腱用不可吸收的聚丙烯缝线缝住,同时加上骑缝钉固定(图8、9)。

4.png

图4 获取腘绳肌腱移植物

5.png

图5 移植物的准备同时维持其与胫骨的附着

6.jpg

图6 在胫骨上为移植物钻孔

7.jpg

图7 移植物跟随缝线通过钻孔

8.png

图8 髌骨上钻孔

9.jpg

图9 移植物穿过髌骨

用两条编织状、不可吸收的5号线与距髌骨适当长度的髌韧带两边分别缝上;随后在胫骨粗隆下横向钻孔,孔径为2.7mm或稍大,用骨凿将髌韧带塑形,通过缝线将髌韧带下拉至原始解剖位置,缝线穿过钻孔并固定(图10-12)。使用不可吸收聚丙烯缝线将移植物韧带与髌韧带从内侧到外侧缝合固定(图13、14)。

10.png

图10 在胫骨上为缝线钻孔

11.png

图11 用骨凿重新塑形

12.jpg

图12 用缝线将髌韧带瘢痕组织固定

13.png

图13 移植物穿过并固定在胫骨上

14.png

图14 重建完成后的髌韧带

术后使用铰链支撑锁将膝关节维持在完全伸展位3周,患者做股四头肌训练跟直接抬高训练,如果患者耐受可在拐杖支撑下部分负重行走。术后3周,将支撑锁调整为屈曲30度;术后6周,将支撑锁调整为屈曲60度,同时进行主动股四头肌力量训练。

术后9至12周去除支撑锁,大部分患者膝关节可有大于90度甚至达到120度的屈曲以及完全的伸展,同时股四头肌可达到健侧85%的力度(图15A、B)。

151.png

图15A 术后3个月,膝关节主动完全伸展位

152.png

图15B 术后3个月,膝关节90度屈曲


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    2015-04-12 x35042875

    患OS这个疾病的高风险人群提供干预措施以避免不良预后和机械治疗措施

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    2015-02-19 orthoW

    ?学习了

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    2015-01-16 丁鹏鹏