Cell光遗传学重要成果:三年颠覆一个旧理论

2016-07-26 叶予 生物通

手机收到新消息你是不是一定要马上打开?看书学习的时候你有没有总在走神?这些在生活中很常见的行为,常常令人联想到强迫症和多动症。实际上,真正的疾病有着非常严重的表现。强迫症OCD患者无法控制自己停止特定的行为,比如他们老是觉得自己手脏,总是反复洗手甚至能在水池边呆好几个小时。多动症(也称为注意缺陷多动障碍)ADHD则是另一个极端,患者无法持续做同一件事,往往坐立不安,做出毫无缘由的行为。那么,这些患


手机收到新消息你是不是一定要马上打开?看书学习的时候你有没有总在走神?这些在生活中很常见的行为,常常令人联想到强迫症和多动症。实际上,真正的疾病有着非常严重的表现。

强迫症OCD患者无法控制自己停止特定的行为,比如他们老是觉得自己手脏,总是反复洗手甚至能在水池边呆好几个小时。多动症(也称为注意缺陷多动障碍)ADHD则是另一个极端,患者无法持续做同一件事,往往坐立不安,做出毫无缘由的行为。

那么,这些患者为何无法控制自己的自主行为呢?七月二十一日,神经学家Rui Costa领导团队在Cell杂志上发表文章揭示了其中的关键机制。这项研究增进了我们对大脑疾病的理解,有助于找到更有效的治疗方式。

科学家们普遍认为,人类采取特定行动的过程取决于大脑中的两个神经回路:位于大脑基底神经节(basal ganglia)的直接通路和间接通路。“所有影响基底神经节的疾病(比如帕金森症、亨廷顿舞蹈病、Tourette's综合征)都有一些共同点,”Costa说。“这些患者都不能控制自己的行动。”因此他认为,强迫症和多动症也和这些回路有关。

抛弃过时的理论

过去的理论模型是这样描述这两个通路的:激活第一个通路触发行动,激活第二个通路抑制行动。2013年Costa在Nature杂志上首次发文对这个观点提出了挑战。自那以后,这个理论也受到了其他国家一些研究团队的质疑。今年四月,Costa团队还在Current Biology杂志上发表文章展示,这些通路并不总是相互竞争的,它们有时一同起作用促成不同的结果。

“这不是一个非黑即白的问题,”Costa表示。“现实从来都不会这么简单。”现在,他和同事提出了两个通路联合起作用的新模型,这个模型能够很好的解释实验数据。

六年来,研究人员一直在用光遗传学技术进行实验。这种技术可以在小鼠大脑中选择性激活不同的神经通路。研究人员训练小鼠通过按压杠杆八次来获得食物。随后,他们在小鼠执行任务的过程中激活直接或间接通路。

一票否决权

研究显示,干扰小鼠的直接通路会使其停止按压杠杆,“冻结”在原地。当间接通路激活的时候,小鼠会离开杠杆跑到其他地方去玩。似乎它们突然决定去干点别的,比如散个步什么的。

Costa指出,这些结果说明直接通路的作用是维持行动,而间接通路的作用是允许或防止行动转变。“我们看到的是,直接通路告诉动物行动应当继续执行,而间接通路负责批准或否决这一行动。”这些发现符合人们目前对基底神经节相关疾病的理解。“我们认为,在强迫症中直接通路过于活跃,促使行为不断重复。而多动症ADHD与间接通路的功能障碍有关。”

研究人员提出的新模型有重要的医学意义。举例来说,人们正在用L-Dopa治疗帕金森症。这种药物激活直接通路并且抑制间接通路,会使患者出现无法控制的重复行动作。而著名抗精神病药物氟哌啶醇(haloperidol)通过刺激间接通路起作用,会引起影响运动和认知能力的副作用。

“与其强力激活其中一个通路,还不如轻轻调节两个通路来治疗基底神经节疾病,”Costa说。“恢复两个通路之间的平衡可能是更有效的选择。”

原始出处

Fatuel Tecuapetla4,correspondenceemail, Xin Jin, Susana Q. Lima, Rui M. Costa4,correspondenceemail.Complementary Contributions of Striatal Projection Pathways to Action Initiation and Execution.Cell.2016

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    2017-07-06 mnda
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    2017-03-25 维他命
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12月24日,The Scientist评选出了“Top Technical Advances 2015”,成像、光遗传学、单细胞分析以及基因编辑技术CRISIPR入选。那么,我们就一起看看这四大技术在过去的一年中都取得了哪些进展吧。 成像 今年,生命科学的成像领域打破了过去的壁垒,科学家们通过显微镜学方法越来越深入的观察到了生命组织。 Spectrometer-free vib

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免疫疗法是癌症研究的一个热门领域。毕竟,利用人体自身的细胞来对抗癌症,比起对整个系统产生损害的有毒化学物质,更为有效和更加低创。 美国德克萨斯A&M大学(Texas A&M University)健康科学中心生物科学与技术学院助理教授Yubin Zhou博士,致力于研究如何用光来控制免疫系统,并诱导其对抗癌症。Zhou博士2003年6月毕业于浙江大学医学院,2007年在美国乔