AJG:结肠镜检查有效降低近端结直肠癌发病率

2013-05-20 AJG dxy

图1. 基础人群中每人每项筛查项目的平均花费及人平均质量调整生存年 (除每10年筛查结肠镜检查外,与不进行筛查相比较,其余筛查项目均在少花费的前提下有着更高的效益。粪便潜血免疫化学检测的优势更为明显。FOBT,大便隐血检查每年1次;FS once生存期内进行一次软乙状结肠镜检查;FS,每5年查1次软乙状结肠镜;FS/FIT,每3年筛查1次粪便潜血免疫化学检查同时每5年进行1次软乙状结肠镜检查)


图1. 基础人群中每人每项筛查项目的平均花费及人平均质量调整生存年 (除每10年筛查结肠镜检查外,与不进行筛查相比较,其余筛查项目均在少花费的前提下有着更高的效益。粪便潜血免疫化学检测的优势更为明显。FOBT,大便隐血检查每年1次;FS once生存期内进行一次软乙状结肠镜检查;FS,每5年查1次软乙状结肠镜;FS/FIT,每3年筛查1次粪便潜血免疫化学检查同时每5年进行1次软乙状结肠镜检查)

结直肠癌在发达国家中是第二常见的肿瘤类型。对于肠道腺瘤和结直肠肿瘤的筛查可以大大降低其发病率和死亡率。在大多数国家,目前常用的筛查方法包括大便隐血检测及乙状结肠镜检查。在一些国家结肠镜筛查也成为一项可以接受的检查策略。与乙状结肠镜只能观察到左半结肠相比,结肠镜可以观察到全部结肠,有着更全面的视野。但是目前为止,有随机对照实验数据支持的结直肠癌筛选程序只有大便隐血检查。而英国软乙状结肠镜实验室第一项证实乙状结肠镜珂减少远端(左半结肠)结肠癌发生率及死亡率的随机对照实验。结肠镜对于近端结肠癌也有很好的预防作用,但因远端结肠癌的发病率高于近端结肠,同时也有研究表明全结肠镜对近端及远端结肠癌都有预防作用,但其保护程度以远端结肠癌更为明显,所以是否全结肠镜能够更好的降低结直肠癌的发病率及死亡率目前仍有争议。且对于结肠镜是否有更好的成本效益目前的研究缺乏对当代人群的实验结果,以致影响了结果的可靠性。为了解决这一问题,美国纽约州曼哈瑟霍夫斯特拉大学医学部消化专业的Sharaf RN及Ladabaum U利用最新的临床实验数据比较结肠镜、乙状结肠镜及可选结直肠癌筛查策略在降低结直肠癌发病率及死亡率方面的比较效益及成本效益。得出结论,基本情况下,与其他筛查方法相比较,大便隐血免疫化学检测法在易于执行及患者依从性好方面具有明显的优势。人群意愿支付的花费阈值为100000美元/质量调整生存年时与软乙状结肠镜相比较,结肠镜的成本效益更高。这一结果发表在2013年1月的The American Journal of Gastroenterology上。
作者利用马科夫模型对于大便隐血检测和乙状结肠镜检查随机对照试验的数据同时进行验证及现代成本效益分析。美国一般人群中处于人平均结肠癌患病风险内的人群被建模。筛查策略包括美国预防服务小组推荐的内容,包括:每10年筛查1次结肠镜;每5年筛查1次软乙状结肠镜;每年检测1次大便隐血;每年进行1次大便免疫化学检查,以及软乙状结肠镜和大便免疫化学检查两者的结合。主要的衡量结果为质量调整生命年以及治疗费用。结果发现基本情况下,与其他筛查方法相比较,大便隐血免疫化学检测法在易于执行及患者依从性好方面具有明显的优势。当每一周期大便免疫化学检测的依从率小于50%时,与之相比较,软乙状结肠镜和结肠镜的花费均少于50000美元/质量调整生存年。在基础人群中,与软乙状结肠镜相比,结肠镜花费为56800美元/质量调整生存年。当与非进行筛查的人群,当结肠镜筛查结果提示近端结直肠癌发病风险相对比值比小于0.5时,与软乙状结肠镜相比较,结肠镜的花费小于100000美元/质量调整生存年。通过概率分析得出,当利用蒙特卡罗概率计算法对概率进行重复演算的重复率在84%时,人群意愿支付的花费阈值为100000美元/质量调整生存年,此时与软乙状结肠镜相比较,结肠镜的成本效益更高。由此作者得出结论:与粪便隐血免疫化学检测法及乙状结肠镜检查相比较,在一定条件下结肠镜筛查具有更高的成本效益。结肠镜筛查的成本效益由该项筛查方法的利用率、筛查人群的依从性以及结肠镜对近端结直肠癌筛查保护性收益所决定。在不同的情况下,与乙状结肠镜比较,结肠镜检查对近端结肠癌的预防可起到50%左右的保护作用。但该结果仍需大样本长期随访的随机对照实验验证。

Comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening colonoscopy vs. sigmoidoscopy and alternative strategies.
OBJECTIVES
Fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and sigmoidoscopy are proven to decrease colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality. Sigmoidoscopy's benefit is limited to the distal colon. Observational data are conflicting regarding the degree to which colonoscopy affords protection against proximal CRC. Our aim was to explore the comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of colonoscopy vs. sigmoidoscopy and alternative CRC screening strategies in light of the latest published data.
METHODS
We performed a contemporary cost-utility analysis using a Markov model validated against data from randomized controlled trials of FOBT and sigmoidoscopy. Persons at average CRC risk within the general US population were modeled. Screening strategies included those recommended by the United States (US) Preventive Services Task Force, including colonoscopy every 10 years (COLO), flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years (FS), annual fecal occult blood testing, annual fecal immunochemical testing (FIT), and the combination FS/FIT. The main outcome measures were quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs.
RESULTS
In the base case, FIT dominated other strategies. The advantage of FIT over FS and COLO was contingent on rates of uptake and adherence that are well above current US rates. Compared with FIT, FS and COLO both cost <$50,000/QALY gained when FIT per-cycle adherence was <50%. COLO cost $56,800/QALY gained vs. FS in the base case. COLO cost <$100,000/QALY gained vs. FS when COLO yielded a relative risk of proximal CRC of <0.5 vs. no screening. In probabilistic analyses, COLO was cost-effective vs. FS at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/QALY gained in 84% of iterations.
CONCLUSIONS
Screening colonoscopy may be cost-effective compared with FIT and sigmoidoscopy, depending on the relative rates of screening uptake and adherence and the protective benefit of colonoscopy in the proximal colon. Colonoscopy's cost-effectiveness compared with sigmoidoscopy is contingent on the ability to deliver ~50% protection against CRC in the proximal colon.

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    2014-04-25 minzju5052
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    2013-05-22 zhouqu_8
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    2013-05-22 hittouch