Nature Genetics:为什么大多数吸烟的人不会得肺癌?

2022-04-13 王聪 “生物世界”公众号

吸烟是导致绝大多数肺癌的主要原因,然而,只有少数吸烟者会患肺癌,这是为什么呢?

据世界卫生组织国际癌症研究署(IARC)2020年全球癌症负担数据,肺癌是全世界范围内年发病人数第二(220万)和年死亡人数第一(180万)的癌症。

吸烟是导致绝大多数肺癌的主要原因,然而,只有少数吸烟者会患肺癌,这是为什么呢?

2022年4月11日,美国爱因斯坦医学院的研究人员在 Nature 子刊 Nature Genetics 发表了题为:Single-cell analysis of somatic mutations in human bronchial epithelial cells in relation to aging and smoking 的研究论文。

该研究通过单细胞测序技术发现,一些吸烟最多的人可能具有强大的“自我保护机制”,来限制吸烟引起的DNA突变,从而保护自己免受肺癌侵害。这项研究有助于识别和发现那些面临更高肺癌风险的吸烟者,从而对他们进行特别监测。

长期以来,人们一直认为吸烟通过烟雾诱导正常细胞发生DNA突变而导致肺癌。但实际上,这一观点之前并没有得到证实,因为无法准确量化正常细胞中的DNA突变。但在几年前,该研究的通讯作者 Jan Vijg 教授改进了单细胞全基因组测序方法,使得这一量化成为可能。

单细胞全基因组测序过程中会出现一些测序错误,而这种错误难以与真正的DNA突变区分开来,在分析罕见突变或随机突变时,这种测序中的错误就显得尤为突出。

2017年,Jan Vijg 教授团队在 Nature Methods 期刊发表了题为:Accurate identification of single-nucleotide variants in whole-genome-amplified single cells 的研究论文。该研究开发的单细胞多重置换扩增(SCMDA)技术,能够大大减少单细胞全基因组测序时可能引入的错误,从而解决这一难题。

在这项最新研究中,研究团队使用单细胞多重置换扩增(SCMDA)技术分析比较了两种人群的正常肺上皮细胞的DNA突变情况,一种是从不吸烟者(共14人,年龄在11-83岁),一种是吸烟者(共19人,年龄在44-81岁),这些吸烟者最多吸烟116包·年(1包·年指的是每天吸烟包数×吸烟年数;例如每天吸烟2包,持续20年,则为40包·年),这19名吸烟者中有14人患肺癌,而这14名不吸烟者中有1人患肺癌。

这些用来测序的肺部细胞是从接受支气管镜检查以进行与癌症无关的诊断测试的患者身上收集的。 近端支气管基底细胞(PBBC)可以存活数年甚至数十年,因此会随着年龄的增长和吸烟而积累突变,在所有肺细胞类型中,这些是最有可能发生癌变的细胞类型。

研究人员发现,随着年龄的增长,DNA突变(单核苷酸变异和小的DNA片段插入和缺失)会在不吸烟者的肺部细胞中积累,而吸烟者的肺部细胞中则积累了更多DNA突变。

上述发现证实了吸烟会通过增加DNA突变来增加肺癌风险,这揭示了为什么很少有不吸烟的人得肺癌,而有10%-20%的终生吸烟者会得肺癌。

但这同时又提出了一个问题:为什么大多数吸烟的人并没有得肺癌?

研究团队发现,在肺上皮细胞中检测到的DNA突变数量随着吸烟包·年数的增加呈直线增长,这导致他们患肺癌的风险也随之增加。 但有趣的是,当吸烟包·年数达到23之后,这种DNA突变的上升停止了。

也就是说,那些吸烟最厉害的人,他们的DNA突变负担并没有相应的增加到最高。他们吸烟这么多却仍然没有患肺癌且生存这么久,是因为他们的细胞抑制了进一步的DNA突变积累,这种DNA突变的平稳状态可能是由于这些人有更强大的DNA损伤修复系统,修复了大量吸烟带来的DNA突变。

该研究的共同通讯作者 Simon Spivack 博士表示,肺癌是全世界范围内死亡人数最多的癌症,远超其他癌症,而肺癌早期难以发现,这项研究是朝着预防和早期发现肺癌风险迈出的重要一步。

该研究的共同通讯作者 Jan Vijg 教授表示,这项发现带来了一个新的研究方向,可以通过检测一个人的DNA修复或解毒能力,来评估他的肺癌风险。

原始出处:

Huang, Z., Sun, S., Lee, M. et al. Single-cell analysis of somatic mutations in human bronchial epithelial cells in relation to aging and smoking. Nat Genet 54, 492–498 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-022-01035-w.

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    2022-12-02 canlab
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    2022-11-07 huperzia
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    2022-07-15 cy0324
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    2022-06-19 屋顶瞄爱赏月

    打卡学习

    0

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    2022-10-29 liye789132251
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    2022-04-28 1482963am12暂无昵称

    ***

    0

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    2022-04-13 赛华佗

    这几乎是灵魂般的烤问!#吸烟##肺癌#

    0

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