突触修剪失控可能是阿尔茨海默病的病因

2016-06-18 生物谷 闫亢 生物谷

一项对小鼠的研究显示,在阿尔茨海默病和其他神经退行性疾病早期,大脑在发育过程中修剪多余突触的过程可能出现了异常。 对许多人来说,阿尔茨海默病是一种常见熟悉而可怕的疾病。仅仅在美国,就有约530万人受到它的影响,这种疾病缓慢但无情剥夺着患者的记忆力、辨别力还有认知力,使得他们最终甚至无法完成日常工作。目前,产生这些症状的机制还不完全清楚,阿尔茨海默病主要是由于蛋白质的异常积聚导致的

一项对小鼠的研究显示,在阿尔茨海默病和其他神经退行性疾病早期,大脑在发育过程中修剪多余突触的过程可能出现了异常。

对许多人来说,阿尔茨海默病是一种常见熟悉而可怕的疾病。仅仅在美国,就有约530万人受到它的影响,这种疾病缓慢但无情剥夺着患者的记忆力、辨别力还有认知力,使得他们最终甚至无法完成日常工作。目前,产生这些症状的机制还不完全清楚,阿尔茨海默病主要是由于蛋白质的异常积聚导致的,这些异常积聚会在大脑中形成β-淀粉样斑块和缠结,最终导致突触这种大脑中的连接节点减少,这种影响主要与认知能力的下降密切相关。

最近发表在《科学》(Science)上的一项研究中,波士顿儿童医院神经学家Beth Stevens带领的研究团队发现,事实上在阿尔茨海默病初期突触可能就会减少,而不是之前专家认为那样,是蛋白质病理学中的继发效应,Beth Stevens的团队认为突触损失这一过程可能先于斑块的形成。

近些年Stevens着迷于研究突触消除或“突触修剪”这一大脑发育的正常过程。她发现了一些负责启动免疫反应来清除身体中致病因素的蛋白质,在标记需消除的虚弱或不需要的突触中也发挥着作用。这个过程会让像“吃豆人”一样的小神经胶质细胞吞噬靶向突触,从而为更加精确的大脑线路连接做好准备。

在我们的一生中,大脑中的神经连接会被不断修剪,这是大脑正常发育的一个至关重要的过程。Stevens和她的团队推测。在阿尔茨海默病患者大脑中,这种神经修剪的机制可能出现异常,从而造成的突触丢失。Stevens说“这就是我们在解决这个问题时与众不同的地方。这项研究的很多准备工作都来自我们对正常大脑发育进程的认识。我们认为,随着更加深入地了解正常大脑中的突触修剪机制,对如何处理患者大脑中的这个机制我们也将有全新的理解。”

研究人员采用阿尔茨海默病的小鼠模型来检验他们的理论,他们采用高分辨率成像技术精确地找到什么时候在什么位置发生了突触的丢失。在这种啮齿类动物模型中,斑块形成前有一个时间窗,研究人员发现在这个时间窗里,小鼠的海马体,这个负责记忆和学习的大脑区域,中的突触发生了丢失。”

Stevens指出,特别令人振奋的是研究人员还发现了C1q这种参与正常突触修剪的蛋白的高表达。她还说:“所以我们想知道在这些模型中这些蛋白会导致突触丢失吗?研究人员敲除了C1q和C3(一种由C1q激活的蛋白)的基因,发现,这样做使得小鼠的突触得到了保护。”

为了更好地解释这一发现,研究小组却转而研究另一种蛋白——β淀粉样蛋白,人们已经发现,在斑块产生和硬化前,该蛋白质的可溶形式已经对突触有毒。研究人员将这种有毒的β淀粉样蛋白注入三组小鼠中,一组是正常对照组,一组是C1q基因缺乏组,一组是给予抗体阻断大脑中C1q功能组。在第一组中,海马体中出现了大量的突触丢失,但在C1q被阻断的小鼠中没有发生突触丢失。Stevens说:“这表明,C1q和β淀粉样蛋白是在同一通路中一起工作的,C1q是β淀粉样蛋白造成这种损害的必要条件”。利用该实验模型,研究人员接着研究了小神经胶质细胞的行为,发现可溶形式的β淀粉样蛋白会刺激小神经胶质细胞吞噬突触。然而,抑制C1q能够保护(细胞)不受这种效果的影响。

加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校的神经生物学家Kimberley McAlliste(未参与该研究)说:“这项研究是我们对阿尔茨海默病分子机制认识的一大进步,它展示了免疫分子在该疾病中发挥的决定性作用。”爱丁堡大学的神经学家Tara Spires-Jones(未参与该研究)补充说:“对我来说,这真是令人兴奋,它将突触丢失和炎症问题这两个领域结合到了一起。”

悉尼大学的神经病理学家Manuel Graeber(未参与该研究)曾广泛参与小神经胶质细胞的研究,他相信这些发现也会促使科学家更注重这些细胞的功能。他说:“这篇论文强调了没有得到充分关注的大脑中的维护系统。通常研究人员将细胞与免疫反应联系到一起,但是Stevens和她的同事们从不同角度揭示了这些细胞作用。我认为这将有助于纠正误解。”

Stevens的团队认为,他们的研究成果具有远超过阿尔茨海默病的深远意义。因为在很多疾病中都会出现突触丢失,例如自闭症、精神分裂症、亨廷顿氏舞蹈症和青光眼。Stevens说:“让我们兴奋的是,我们的研究成果可能是一个作用更加广泛的机制而不是特定对某种疾病。”她已经开始在其他疾病模型中验证这个想法。

最近一项将精神分裂症与C4基因的变异联系在一起的研究同样表明,这一通路参与了突触修剪。 McAllister说“这些研究结果表明,针对这一通路的新疗法可以治疗多种神经退行性疾病和精神疾病。”

然而,发展这样的治疗方法,还为时尚早。研究人员首先要在人体中检验他们的发现,这时还要考虑其他的因素。比如,他们尚未确定最初启动C1q表达的机制。对于这一因素,Stevens说:“它可能与很多疾病有关,也可能是上游的某个调控因素,可考虑作为药物靶点。“C1q在大脑中清除死细胞和帮助定位有害物质上还起到了积极作用。因此还需要进一步研究,才能了解如何操控它来防止造成有害的突触丢失,同时还能维护大脑的正常功能。

此外,其他研究团队已经确定了不同的靶向治疗途径。最近发表在《科学·转化医学》(Science Translational Medicine)上的一项有关啮齿动物的研究中,一个研究团队确定了一个形成淀粉样斑块的通路。更特别的是,他们发现在细胞表面(包括神经元)上发现的一类分子,硫酸乙酰肝素,它本质上是淀粉样肽的“陷阱”,会使淀粉样肽聚集和沉淀,最终导致神经退行性疾病和痴呆。研究团队发现,删除一个能使硫酸乙酰肝素粘附在神经元的表面上的基因后,淀粉样斑块减少。佛罗里达州杰克逊维尔梅奥诊所(Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Fla.)的神经学家Guojun Bu是这项研究的第一作者,他说“我们没有使用免疫方法或者以酶为靶点,因为它们有副作用,我们想针对这个特定的途径,让大脑可以自然清除没有被硫酸乙酰肝素捕获的β淀粉样肽。”

同样Stevens对于未来利用她的研究成果开发治疗方法持乐观态度。Stevens说:“C1q似乎是一个很好的靶点。我们没有证据表明这种蛋白会推动整个过程,但是我们认为它会在早期发挥作用,如果你敲除它或者操纵它,你将有望影响或者保护突触。”

撰文:Jordana Cepelewicz

翻译:闫亢

审校:张哲

原始出处:

Shinohara M, Murray ME, Frank RD, Shinohara M, DeTure M, Yamazaki Y, Tachibana M, Atagi Y, Davis MD, Liu CC, Zhao N, Painter MM, Petersen RC, Fryer JD, Crook JE, Dickson DW, Bu G, Kanekiyo T. Impact of sex and APOE4 on cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2016 May 14.


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    2016-10-12 ylzr123

    赞一个!好文章拜读了,认真学习了。

    0

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    2016-07-14 soya55

    值得学习

    0

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    2016-06-19 milkshark

    值得学习

    0

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    2016-06-19 milkshark

    值得研究

    0

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    2016-06-18 沉心多思

    好文章,值得学习

    0

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