新版脑出血管理指南之早期强化降压治疗

2015-06-29 大鹏 译 医学论坛网

如何为脑出血(ICH)患者制定适宜的血压管理方案是临床治疗的重点及难点。近期,美国心脏学会和美国卒中学会(AHA/ASA)于《卒中》(Stroke)杂志发布了新版自发性脑出血管理指南。此次新增或修订的血压管理指南内容将为ICH患者血压管理提供更好的指导,具体推荐为以下几点: 1.若ICH患者收缩压在150mmHg至220mmHg水平且不存在急性

如何为脑出血(ICH)患者制定适宜的血压管理方案是临床治疗的重点及难点。近期,美国心脏学会和美国卒中学会(AHA/ASA)于《卒中》(Stroke)杂志发布了新版自发性脑出血管理指南。此次新增或修订的血压管理指南内容将为ICH患者血压管理提供更好的指导,具体推荐为以下几点:

1.若ICH患者收缩压在150mmHg至220mmHg水平且不存在急性血压治疗禁忌,将其收缩压快速降至140mmHg不仅安全(Ⅰ类推荐,A级证据)且可改善功能预后(IIa类推荐,B级证据)(指南新修订内容)。

2.若ICH患者收缩压>220mmHg,考虑积极降压治疗可能是合理的,包括持续静脉滴注和频繁地血压监测。(Ⅱb,C)(指南新内容)。

3.在预防ICH复发方面,指南推荐,所有ICH患者均应控制血压(Ⅰ类推荐,A级证据)(指南新修改内容),且在ICH发作之后应立即着手控制患者血压(Ⅰ类推荐,A级证据)(指南新增内容)。长期将收缩压控制在130mmHg以下,舒张压在80mmHg是合理的(Ⅱa类推荐,B级证据)(指南新内容)。

总之,血压升高现象在急性脑出血时十分常见,造成血压升高的因素多样,但最终的结果是过高的收缩压(SBP)与患者血肿扩张、神经功能恶化、死亡率升高及ICH后自理能力降低均相关。另外,仅有一项研究显示,低水平的SBP导致ICH预后不良。

以下将针对指南推荐内容提供具体的临床试验证据。

早期强化降压治疗的安全性

一项高级影像学观察性研究结果显示,ICH患者无显著缺血半影区,但CT可见血浆渗出相关的低密度脑水肿边缘影像学特征。一项主要关注轻中度ICH患者的临床随机试验显示,在ICH起病的几个小时内进行强化降压治疗并将SBP控制在140mmHg以下,这并未导致脑水肿区域的供血出现显著降低,研究结果被CT灌注成像证实。另一项临床队列研究入组了211例ICH患者,在患者起病3小时内给予尼卡地平降压治疗(在平均30分钟时将SBP降至160mmHg以下),最佳预后出现在SBP最低组(<135mmHg)。

除了上述证据,ATACH研究及INTERACT的1期研究均证实,在ICH起病后进行快速降压治疗,将SBP水平控制在<140mmHg是安全的。INTERACT的2期研究进一步证实了在适宜患者中进行早期强化降压治疗不会增其死亡率及不良事件发生率。但各研究在“降压治疗对预后的影响及相关性”这个问题上的结论有差异。

早期强化降压治疗的疗效

在评估早期强化降压疗效方面,INTERACT 2期研究是当前规模最大的临床试验,其次要试验评估指标统计结果显示,强化降压组患者的功能恢复、身体健康及精神健康状况均显著优于标准降压组。但该研究无法证明强化降压启动时间点与预后的关系,同时发现强化降压对血肿扩大不具有显著作用。另外,该研究仅有1/3的患者在1小时内完成了SBP降压目标,约有75%的患者出现的是轻中度血肿(<20ml)。

小结

总的来说,当前证据表明,早期强化降压治疗是安全和合理的。早期强化降压患者预后功能恢复更好,且有不良事件发生率降低的有利趋势。因此,对于症状类似于INTERACT 2期入组标准的ICH患者,接受早期强化降压并控制SBP低于140mmHg以改善其功能恢复是合理的。另一方面,我们尚缺乏特殊亚群早期强化降压的试验证据,例如极高血压(SBP>220mmHg)、广泛而严重的ICH及需要外科手术降压等情况。

由于降压药种类、降压方式及患者临床特点会影响降压速度及程度,临床医生在用药时需考虑可行性、药理特征、潜在副作用及治疗成本。

原始出处:

Hemphill JC 3rd, Greenberg SM, Anderson CS, Becker K, Bendok BR, Cushman M, Fung GL, Goldstein JN, Macdonald RL, Mitchell PH, Scott PA, Selim MH, Woo D; American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, and Council on Clinical Cardiology.Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.Stroke.May 28, 2015.doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000069.

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    2015-07-05 1dd7bf29m39(暂无匿称)

    再学习

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    2015-07-05 qing1231990

    急性血压治疗禁忌指什么?

    0

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    2015-07-04 huaxipanxing

    看看

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