原发性干燥综合征合并D-二聚体顽固性升高1例报道

2020-05-12 乔莹利 张绮思 许泼实 国际检验医学杂志

原发性干燥综合征是一种多系统受累的慢性进 展性自身免疫病,以外分泌腺受累为主。本病临床起 病隐匿,临床表现缺乏特异性,因此,临床漏诊和误诊 率较高。本例患者为中年女性,以“ D -二聚体升

原发性干燥综合征是一种多系统受累的慢性进 展性自身免疫病,以外分泌腺受累为主。本病临床起 病隐匿,临床表现缺乏特异性,因此,临床漏诊和误诊 率较高。本例患者为中年女性,以“ D -二聚体升高查 因”入院,伴有腰腿痛、胸闷、乏力、咳嗽等不典型临床 症状,临床医生结合患者症状及D -二聚体顽固性升高 表现,经一系列实验室辅助检查及泪膜影像、唾液腺 核素显像检查后,最终确诊“原发性干燥综合征”并给 予免疫抑制剂治疗后,患者好转出院。

1临床资料   

患者,女, 51岁,因“发现 D -二聚体升高7个月 余”,于2019年6月18日到本院就诊,门诊以“ D -二 聚体升高原因待查”收入呼吸内科病区。7个月余前 查D -二聚体显示水平高,未经特殊治疗,伴咳嗽、咳 痰,偶有胸闷、乏力, 4个月前再次复查 D -二聚体显示 654.10μg/L,未行特殊治疗。1周前再次复查发现D - 二聚体1  551.80μg/L,并自觉出现膝关节疼痛、腰痛, 活动后喘息,有高血压病史,血压最高为150/90mm Hg,口服硝苯地平治疗,有睡眠障碍数月。患者自发 病来,神志清,精神欠佳,睡眠差,饮食欠佳。体格检 查:体温36.1℃,心率 70 次/分,血压 128/98 mm Hg,呼吸19次/分,呼吸规整,胸廓触诊两侧对称,双 侧语音震颤强弱一致,未触及胸膜摩擦感,胸部叩诊 清音,无异常呼吸音,双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干湿啰 音,语音共振无增强及减弱,未闻及胸膜摩擦音。心 界正常,心律齐,未闻及异常心音及心包摩擦音。腹 软无压痛,双下肢无水肿。全身淋巴结未扪及肿大。 辅助检查:血常规、粪常规无明显异常,尿常规提示有 轻度尿路感染,肾功能电解质(含空腹血糖)显示: 2019年6月19日钾低3.39mmol /L,余无明显异常; 心肌酶谱、 N末端B型利钠肽原( NT -proBNP)、肝功能、甲状腺功能、性激素检测未显示明显异常;风湿3 项[血清类风湿因子 (RF)、抗链球菌溶血素 O ( ASO)、 C -反应蛋白( CRP)]、红细胞沉降率、免疫全 套未显示明显异常;肿瘤标志物联合检测未显示明显 异常。凝血六项显示: 2019年6月19日纤维蛋白原 1.86g/L, D -二聚体5  110μg/L、纤维蛋白原降解产 物( FDP)600μg/L,提示 D -二聚体假阳性。12导联 心电图显示:窦性心律,胸前导联R波递增不良,部分 导联ST-T异常。胸部CT显示:双肺少许慢性炎症, 双肺腹膜下多发小结节,考虑良性病变可能,双侧胸 膜轻度增厚,心包少量积液,肝左叶体积减小,局部低 密度影。超声显示:脂肪肝,胆囊、胰腺、脾脏、肾脏、 双侧输尿管、膀胱、甲状腺未显示明显异常。下肢静 脉血管超声显示:右侧小腿段肌间静脉增宽。心脏超 声显示:二尖瓣、三尖瓣开放正常,关闭欠佳,轻度返 流,左心室舒张功能减低。入院诊断: D -二聚体升高 待查、高血压、睡眠障碍。给予降压、安神、抗焦虑等 治疗。考虑D -二聚体假性升高可能受风湿、类风湿及 自身免疫病干扰,且患者腰腿痛、胸闷、乏力、咳嗽等 症状涉及多个系统,进一步查自身免疫相关抗体显 示: 2019年6月19日抗干燥综合征 A( SSA)抗体阳 性、多发性肌炎硬皮病( PM-SCL)抗体弱阳性,抗中性 粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)印迹谱、抗环瓜氨酸肽抗 体、抗双链DNA 阴性;进一步查抗核抗体(ANA)显 示:2019年6月19日 ANA阳性(核颗粒型1∶320), 抗磷脂抗体检测阴性,考虑干燥综合征可能。唾液腺 核素显像显示:双侧腮腺浓聚和分泌99mTc功能减低; 颌下腺浓聚和分泌99mTc基本正常。泪膜影像显示: 右眼Ⅲ级,左眼Ⅳ级,提示干眼症。诊断干燥综合征 明确,该患者无其他结缔组织疾病,根据2002年干燥 综合征国际分类(诊断)标准[ 1],可明确诊断原发性干燥综合征。明确诊断后以免疫抑制剂为主治疗4d, 患者病情好转出院。

2讨论  

原发性干燥综合征是一种多系统受累的慢性自 身免疫病,其主要临床表现为口、眼干,是由淋巴细胞 炎症浸润外分泌腺引起泪腺及唾液腺功能受损所致; 也可出现腺体外受累表现,出现关节炎、肾脏、神经、 肺部病变等[ 1]。都枰君[ 2]研究发现在128例原发性 干燥综合征患者常见的首发症状中,关节疼痛或不适 占65.63%。原发性干燥综合征伴有腺体外表现,肾 脏为最常受累的器官之一。原发性干燥综合征主要 病变为淋巴细胞在肾间质浸润、肾小管萎缩、肾间质 纤维化,从而导致肾间质性炎症和集合管酸化功能损 害,其中以远端肾小管最多见,由于远端肾小管泌氢 泌铵功能障碍,氢离子不能排出,血呈酸中毒表现,同 时钾离子排泄过多造成低血钾症状,最突出的症状为 低血钾所引起的低钾性麻痹,表现为四肢无力,严重 者发生低钾性软瘫、呼吸困难(如喘息) [ 3 -4]。神经系 统病变在原发性干燥综合征首诊患者中较常见,据国 外文献报道,部分原发性干燥综合征患者以脑出血、 进展性小脑变性、亚急性脊髓损伤、视神经炎、周围神 经病变等为首发症状而就诊于神经疾病科,提示原发 性干燥综合征可在疾病早期累及神经系统[ 5]。原发 性干燥综合征可累及呼吸系统,多见间质性肺炎,弥 漫性肺泡损害、胸膜炎和淋巴增生,早期病变往往不 显著,诊断需借助高分辨率CT,轻度受累者有干咳表 现,重度受累者有胸闷、气短表现[ 6]。都枰君[ 2]研究 发现,在140例干燥综合征患者中,有25例伴有肺间 质性病变。 本例患者有咳嗽、喘息、关节疼痛等症状,并伴有 顽固性D -二聚体升高。实验室检查提示低血钾。患 者乏力、喘息表现可能与低血钾有关,原发性干燥综 合征可致肾小管酸中毒,引起低血钾,本病例肾功能 无明显异常,未行肾小管相关检查,尚不能排除原发 性干燥综合征致低血钾可能。胸部CT提示双肺少许 慢性炎症,双侧胸膜轻度增厚,可能与患者咳嗽、咳 痰、胸闷等症状相关。抗SSA 抗体是其相对特异的 自身抗体,见于40%~75%的原发性干燥综合征患 者,ANA见于高达83%的原发性干燥综合征患者[ 7]。 本例抗SSA抗体阳性、抗PM-SCL抗体弱阳性、ANA 阳性(核颗粒型1∶320),符合原发性干燥综合征的血 清学改变。唾液腺核素显像结果提示腮腺浓聚和分 泌功能减低,泪膜影像提示干眼,明确原发性干燥综 合征的诊断。D -二聚体是交联纤维蛋白在纤溶酶作 用下水解产生的特异性降解产物,是FDP的一部分, 在临床上主要用于排除深静脉血栓和肺栓塞。但 D -二聚体的升高并不具有特异性,且受多个影响因素的 干扰,临床实验室常会见到假阳性。多个研究报道显 示, D -二聚体假阳性最常见于类风湿因子的干扰,也 受年龄增长、肿瘤及其他自身免疫疾病,氯沙坦等药 物、妊娠、感染、脂血、肝素等因素的影响而出现假阳 性[ 8 -10]。本例患者D -二聚体顽固性升高7个月余,有 上升趋势,且D -二聚体检测结果远远大于FDP,提示 假阳性升高,一系列实验室检查及影像学检查排除了 肿瘤、风湿、类风湿等因素的干扰,并明确诊断原发性 干燥综合征,初步判断D -二聚体假阳性可能与原发性 干燥综合征相关,目前尚缺乏证据,查阅相关研究仅 发现1例干燥综合征伴 D -二聚体顽固性升高的报 道[11]。D -二聚体顽固性升高可能是原发性干燥综合 征伴发的罕见表现,因此,对 D -二聚体升高原因不明 的患者,建议排查干燥综合征。

3结论   

原发性干燥综合征起病隐匿,首发症状多样,临 床工作者应对原发性干燥综合征了解全面,不孤立地 看待临床表现,对可疑患者要考虑干燥综合征并筛 查,以避免漏诊或误诊。D -二聚体顽固性升高可能是 原发性干燥综合征伴发的罕见表现,但具体原因尚需 进一步探讨。

参考文献略。

原始出处:

乔莹利,张绮思,许泼实.原发性干燥综合征合并D-二聚体顽固性升高1例报道[J].国际检验医学杂志,2020,41(08):1020-1022.

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    2021-01-09 ms8350563653139923

    临床真的会很多变

    0

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    2021-02-02 hxj0117
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原发性干燥综合征(primary Sjogren's syndrome,pSS)是一种侵犯外分泌腺体,尤以唾液腺和泪腺为主,并伴有内脏受累的慢性自身免疫性疾病。主要表现为口、眼干燥和腮腺肿大,可有多器官、多系统损害,受累器官组织中有大量淋巴细胞浸润,血清中含有以抗SSA 和SSB 抗体为主的多种自身抗体。女性pSS 患者占90%以上,男女比为1:9~20,多数患者为老年女性。

Ocul Immunol Inflamm:原发性干燥综合征与非干燥综合征干眼症睑板腺成像结果与脂质层厚度的比较

韩国仁济大学医学院Sanggye Paik医院眼科的Hwang JH MD等人,在Ocul Immunol Inflamm杂志上发表了一项重要工作,他们比较了原发性干燥综合征(SS)干眼(DE)和非SS DE患者的睑板腺(MG)的影像学特征和脂质层厚度(LLT)。

JCLA:CD28和CTLA4单倍型与原发性干燥综合征易感性的关系

利用间接免疫荧光法(IIFA)检测抗核抗体(ANA)最早于1958年提出,但是至今作为ANA筛查的参考方法。目前,基于人类上皮(HEp‐2)细胞免疫荧光(IIF)的ANA标准高效解释的自动化处理和识别系统;欧洲模式套件(EUROPattern Suite, Euroimmun)在中国有售。

拓展阅读

原发性干燥综合征血液系统受累的机制、特点及治疗

干燥综合征患者应定期监测血常规,以及时发现问题并及时治疗。

Rheumatology:FDG-PET/CT可区分原发性干燥综合征中有无淋巴瘤的患者

评估FDG-PET/CT对原发性干燥综合征(pSS)患者有无淋巴瘤的鉴别作用,并评估pSS患者全身疾病活动性。

A&R:循环抗体分泌细胞的成熟与原发性干燥综合征的疾病特征相关

检查了原发性干燥综合征(pSS)患者中抗体分泌细胞(ASCs)的丰度、成熟度和炎症特性,以便更好地理解B细胞效应器分支在pSS中的作用。

ARD:干燥反应评估工具(STAR)的开发和初步验证:用于评估原发性干燥综合征治疗效果的共识综合评分

候选STAR是一个综合反应指数,在一个工具中包含所有主要疾病特征,旨在用作原发性干燥综合征 RCT的主要终点。候选STAR对变化表现出良好的敏感性。

Rheumatology:类风湿性关节炎和原发性干燥综合征的亚临床动脉粥样硬化特征——BAFF基因变异的影响

比较类风湿性关节炎(RA)和原发性干燥综合征(SS)两个临床实体之间的亚临床动脉粥样硬化情况,并确定BAFF基因变异是否会改变动脉粥样硬化风险。

A&R:适应不良自噬在干燥综合征自身免疫性上皮炎发病机制中的作用

在原发性干燥综合征(SS)唾液腺上皮细胞中,炎症诱导自噬和促存活机制,促进唾液腺上皮细胞活化并反映组织学严重程度。自噬是原发性SS发病的核心机制和新的治疗靶点。